Atomic Structure vs Crystal Structure
Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no, lub ntsiab tseem ceeb yog nyob rau hauv kev npaj ntawm ib tug atom thiab ib tug siv lead ua. Qhov peb pom los ntawm sab nraud yog qhov tshwm sim los ntawm kev teeb tsa sab hauv ntawm atom lossis molecules. Qee zaum, kev pom sab nraud yuav txawv ntawm cov qauv sab hauv; tab sis lawv tsis yog ib leeg ywj siab ntawm ib leeg.
Atomic Structure
Atoms yog lub tsev me me ntawm txhua yam khoom uas twb muaj lawm. Lawv me me heev uas peb tsis tuaj yeem saib nrog peb qhov muag liab qab. Feem ntau, cov atoms nyob hauv Angstrom ntau yam. Nrog rau kev tshawb pom ntawm subatomic hais, cov lus nug tom ntej rau cov kws tshawb fawb yog nrhiav seb lawv tau npaj li cas hauv ib lub atom. Xyoo 1904, Thompson tau nthuav tawm cov qauv plum paj los piav txog cov qauv atomic. Qhov no tau hais tias electrons tau tawg nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw uas tseem muaj cov nqi zoo sib cais los ua kom tsis zoo rau cov nqi tsis zoo. Lub dispersion ntawm electrons zoo li tawg ntawm plums nyob rau hauv lub paj npleg, li no tau txais lub npe "plum pudding qauv". Tom qab ntawd Ernest Rutherford tau ua ib qho kev sim uas ua rau pom cov ntsiab lus tseeb ntxiv txog cov qauv atomic. Lawv tua cov alpha mus rau ib daim ntawv nyias nyias thiab pom cov ntaub ntawv nram qab no.
• Feem ntau ntawm cov alpha hais dhau los ntawm cov ntawv nyiaj kub.
• ob peb ntawm cov khoom raug deflected.
• Qee qhov alpha hais thaws rov qab ncaj.
Cov kev soj ntsuam no tau pab lawv los ua cov lus xaus hauv qab no.
• Alpha particles raug nqi zoo. Lawv feem ntau tau hla cov ntawv kub txhais tau tias muaj ntau qhov chaw dawb hauv.
• Qee tus tau hloov pauv vim lawv tau dhau los ze rau lwm tus nqi zoo. Tab sis tus naj npawb ntawm deflections tsawg heev, txhais tau hais tias qhov zoo raug them yog concentrated rau hauv ob peb qhov chaw. Thiab qhov chaw no tau hu ua lub nucleus.
• Thaum cov alpha particle ncaj qha ntsib lub nucleus nws thaws rov qab ncaj qha.
Nrog rau qhov kev sim saum toj no tshawb pom thiab raws li ntau lwm qhov kev sim tom qab, cov qauv atomic tau piav qhia. Atom yog tsim los ntawm ib tug nucleus, uas muaj protons thiab neutrons. Lwm yam tshaj li neutrons thiab positrons muaj lwm yam me me sub atomic hais nyob rau hauv lub nucleus. Thiab muaj cov electrons ncig ncig lub nucleus hauv orbitals. Feem ntau ntawm qhov chaw hauv ib qho atom yog khoob. Lub zog txaus nyiam ntawm cov nucleus uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo (tus nqi zoo vim yog cov protons) thiab cov hluav taws xob tsis zoo tuav lub atom zoo li.
Crystal Structure
Crystal qauv yog li cas cov atoms lossis molecules tau teeb tsa hauv cov siv lead ua. Qhov no muaj peb qhov kev npaj hauv qhov chaw. Nquag, nyob rau hauv ib lub siv lead ua, muaj kev rov ua dua ntawm qee cov atoms lossis molecules. Ib qho kev rov ua dua tshiab ntawm cov siv lead ua yog lub npe hu ua "unit cell." Vim tias qhov kev rov ua dua no, muaj cov qauv thiab qhov kev txiav txim ntev ntev hauv cov siv lead ua. Cov qauv siv lead ua tau txiav txim siab ntau yam ntawm nws lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg xws li hluav taws xob band qauv, cleavage, transparency, thiab lwm yam. Muaj xya siv lead ua lattice systems, uas yog categorized raws li lawv cov duab. Lawv yog cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic, hexagonal, trigonal, triclinic thiab monoclinic. Raws li cov khoom siv kuj muaj cov khoom siv lead ua tuaj yeem muab faib ua covalent, metallic, ionic, thiab molecular crystals.
Qhov txawv ntawm Atomic Structure thiab Crystal Structure yog dab tsi?
• Atomic structure muab lub tswv yim ntawm cov duab ntawm lub atom thiab seb cov sub atomic hais li cas tau teem rau hauv ib lub atom. Cov qauv siv lead ua qhia txog yuav ua li cas cov atoms lossis cov molecules tau teeb tsa hauv cov khoom siv lead ua los yog kua.
• Tag nrho cov qauv atomic yog ib txwm muaj rau tag nrho cov atoms tshwj tsis yog cov naj npawb ntawm cov atomic particles. Tab sis muaj ntau tus qauv siv lead ua variations.
