Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv zoo thiab cov qauv zoo yog tias hauv cov qauv zoo, cov kab sib cais yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub zog hloov pauv uas tau tsim los ntawm electron spin-orbit coupling, whereas hauv cov qauv hyperfine, txoj kab sib cais yog qhov tshwm sim. ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm magnetic teb thiab nuclear spin.
Feem ntau, cov qauv zoo piav qhia txog cov kab sib cais ntawm cov kab spectral ntawm atoms uas tshwm sim los ntawm electron spin thiab relativistic kho rau qhov tsis-relativistic Schrodinger sib npaug. Ntawm qhov tod tes, tus qauv hyperfine yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob thiab cov hlau nplaum sab hauv thiab cov nucleus ntawm atoms lossis nuclei hauv cov molecules.
Tus qauv zoo yog dab tsi?
Cov qauv zoo yog qhov sib cais ntawm cov kab spectral ntawm atoms los ntawm electron spin thiab relativistic kho rau qhov tsis-relativistic Schrodinger sib npaug. Qhov tshwm sim no yog thawj zaug ntsuas los ntawm Albert A. Michelson thiab Edward W. Morley hauv 1887 rau hydrogen atom. Lub hauv paus rau lawv qhov ntsuas yog qhov kev xav tau qhia los ntawm Arnold Sommerfeld. Cov kev ntsuas no tau coj mus rau kev qhia txog cov qauv zoo tas li. Tus qauv zoo tas li yog tus lej tsis muaj qhov sib npaug uas yog kwv yees li 1/137.
Daim duab 01: Cov qauv zoo sib cais rau Deuterium (txias)
Peb tuaj yeem muab cov qauv tag nrho ntawm kab spectra siv qhov kev kwv yees ntawm quantum mechanics ntawm non-relativistic electrons tsis muaj kiv. Piv txwv li, hauv hydrogen atom, tag nrho cov qauv feem ntau yog nyob ntawm tus thawj quantum tooj, n. Tus qauv tseeb dua kuj tseem yuav siv cov kev cuam tshuam thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub atom, uas tuaj yeem rhuav tshem qhov degeneracy ntawm lub zog theem ntawm hydrogen atom thiab ua rau faib cov kab spectral. Peb tuaj yeem muab cov nplai ntawm cov qauv zoo sib cais nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau tag nrho cov qauv zog raws li (Za)2, qhov twg Z yog tus lej atomic, thiab a yog tus qauv fins tas li.
Hyperfine Structure yog dab tsi?
Cov qauv hyperfine yog kev sib cais ntawm qib zog hauv atoms, molecules, thiab ions vim yog kev cuam tshuam ntawm huab cua hluav taws xob thiab cov nucleus. Feem ntau, cov qauv hyperfine tshwm sim nyob rau hauv atoms vim lub zog ntawm lub sij hawm nuclear magnetic dipole, uas cuam tshuam nrog lub magnetic teb uas yog generated los ntawm cov electrons thiab lub zog ntawm nuclear fais fab quadrupole lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob teb gradient. Qhov no tshwm sim vim kev faib cov nqi hauv lub atom.
Daim duab 02: Zoo thiab Hyperfine Structure Patterns rau Neutral Hydrogen Atom
Ib yam li ntawd, cov qauv hyperfine hauv cov molecule tshwm sim vim qhov cuam tshuam ntawm lub zog ntawm lub zog ntawm lub sijhawm sib nqus ntawm cov hlau nplaum thiab cov hlau nplaum sib nqus, tab sis tsis tas li ntawd, nws kuj suav nrog lub zog uas cuam tshuam nrog sib nqus nuclei hauv cov molecules. Nws kuj tseem suav nrog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm lub sijhawm sib nqus nuclear thiab cov hlau nplaum uas tsim los ntawm kev sib hloov ntawm cov molecule.
Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm Fine thiab Hyperfine Structure?
Feem ntau, cov qauv zoo piav qhia txog kab sib cais ntawm cov kab spectral ntawm cov atoms vim yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov kev sib raug zoo kho rau qhov tsis sib npaug ntawm Schrodinger equation. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv zoo thiab hyperfine yog tias nyob rau hauv cov qauv zoo, cov kab sib cais yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub zog hloov pauv uas tau tsim los ntawm electron spin-orbit coupling, whereas hauv cov qauv hyperfine, txoj kab sib cais yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm qhov magnetic teb thiab nuclear spin.
Cov lus hauv qab no qhia txog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv zoo thiab cov qauv zoo.
Summary – Fine vs Hyperfine Structure
Cov qauv zoo yog qhov sib cais ntawm cov kab spectral ntawm cov atoms uas tshwm sim los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab kev sib raug zoo kho rau qhov tsis sib npaug ntawm Schrodinger equation. Lub caij no, cov qauv hyperfine yog kev sib cais ntawm cov qib zog hauv atoms, molecules, thiab ions vim muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov huab cua hluav taws xob thiab cov nucleus. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv zoo thiab hyperfine yog tias nyob rau hauv cov qauv zoo, cov kab sib cais yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub zog hloov pauv uas tau tsim los ntawm electron spin-orbit coupling, whereas hauv cov qauv hyperfine, txoj kab sib cais yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm qhov magnetic teb thiab nuclear spin.
