Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm hybridization thiab overlapping yog tias hybridization yog hais txog kev tsim cov hybrid orbitals tshiab ntawm kev sib tshooj ntawm atomic orbitals, whereas overlapping yog hais txog kev sib xyaw ntawm atomic orbitals.
Orbitals yog cov qauv kev xav uas tuaj yeem sau nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Raws li kev tshawb pom sib txawv, cov kws tshawb fawb tau npaj cov duab sib txawv rau cov orbitals. Muaj peb hom orbitals: atomic orbitals, molecular orbitals, thiab hybrid orbitals. Hybrid orbitals tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm hybridization. Hybridization thiab sib tshooj yog ob lub ntsiab lus tshuaj lom neeg. Overlapping ntawm atomic orbitals tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm hybridization.
YHybridization yog dab tsi?
Hybridization yog cov txheej txheem tshuaj uas hybrid orbitals tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm atomic orbitals. Hybridization txoj kev xav yog ib qho txheej txheem uas peb siv los piav txog cov qauv orbital ntawm lub molecule. Yeej, hybridization yog tsim ntawm hybrid orbitals los ntawm kev sib tov ob los yog ntau tshaj atomic orbitals. Qhov kev taw qhia ntawm cov orbitals no txiav txim siab qhov geometry ntawm cov molecule. Nws yog kev nthuav dav ntawm valence bond theory.
Ua ntej tsim cov atomic orbitals, lawv muaj lub zog sib txawv, tab sis tom qab tsim, tag nrho cov orbitals muaj tib lub zog. Piv txwv li, ib qho atomic orbital, thiab p atomic orbital tuaj yeem ua ke los ua ob lub sp orbitals. Lub s thiab p atomic orbitals muaj lub zog sib txawv (lub zog ntawm s < lub zog ntawm p). Tab sis, tom qab hybridization, nws tsim ob sp orbitals uas muaj tib lub zog, thiab lub zog no nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub zog ntawm tus kheej thiab p atomic orbital energies. Ntxiv mus, qhov no sp hybrid orbital muaj 50% s orbital yam ntxwv thiab 50% p orbital yam ntxwv.
Daim duab 01: Tsim cov Hybrid Orbitals
Lub tswv yim ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ntej tuaj rau hauv kev sib tham vim tias txij li txoj kev xav ntawm valence daim ntawv cog lus ua tsis tau kom raug kwv yees tus qauv ntawm qee cov molecules xws li CH 4 Txawm hais tias cov pa roj carbon atom hauv CH 4 tsuas muaj ob lub tshuab hluav taws xob tsis sib xws raws li nws cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, nws tuaj yeem tsim plaub daim ntawv cog lus. Txhawm rau tsim plaub daim ntawv cog lus, yuav tsum muaj plaub lub tshuab hluav taws xob tsis sib xws.
Tib txoj kev los piav qhia qhov tshwm sim no yog xav tias s thiab p orbitals ntawm carbon atom fuse nrog ib leeg los tsim cov orbitals tshiab hu ua hybrid orbitals uas muaj tib lub zog. Ntawm no, ib tug s + peb p muab 4 sp3 orbitals. Yog li ntawd, cov electrons sau cov hybrid orbitals tusyees (ib tug electron ib hybrid orbital), ua raws li Hund txoj cai. Yog li, muaj plaub lub electrons rau kev tsim ntawm plaub covalent bonds nrog plaub hydrogen atoms.
Dab tsi yog sib tshooj?
Kev sib tshooj yog cov txheej txheem tshuaj uas atomic orbitals sib tshooj nrog ib leeg. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, nws yog qhov concentration ntawm orbitals nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm txawv atoms, uas ua rau tsim cov tshuaj bonds. Linus Pauling thawj zaug tau tsim txoj kev xav txog qhov sib tshooj ntawm lub orbital. Nws piav qhia txog cov molecular daim ntawv cog lus nyob rau hauv txawv molecules, thiab lub tswv yim no yog lub hauv paus rau hybridization txoj kev xav.
Qhov txawv ntawm Hybridization thiab Overlapping yog dab tsi?
Hybridization thiab sib tshooj yog ob lub ntsiab lus tshuaj lom neeg. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm hybridization thiab overlapping yog tias hybridization yog tsim cov hybrid orbitals tshiab ntawm overlapping ntawm atomic orbitals, whereas overlapping yog sib tov ntawm atomic orbitals. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem hybridization, orbitals ntawm tib lub atoms sib tshooj los tsim hybrid orbitals thaum nyob rau hauv txheej txheem sib tshooj, lub orbitals ntawm tib lub atom sib tshooj los tsim cov hybrid orbitals thiab orbitals ntawm txawv atoms sib tshooj los tsim cov tshuaj bonds.
Cov hauv qab no nthuav tawm ntau qhov tseeb ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm kev sib xyaw thiab sib tshooj.
Summary – Hybridization vs Overlapping
Hybridization thiab sib tshooj yog ob lub ntsiab lus tshuaj lom neeg. Hauv cov ntsiab lus, qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm hybridization thiab overlapping yog tias hybridization yog hais txog kev tsim cov hybrid orbitals tshiab ntawm kev sib tshooj ntawm atomic orbitals, whereas overlapping txhais tau tias sib xyaw ntawm atomic orbitals.
