Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm polymer thiab macromolecule yog tias cov polymer yog macromolecule nrog ib chav rov ua dua hu ua monomer thoob plaws hauv cov qauv molecular whereas, tsis yog txhua tus macromolecule muaj monomer hauv lawv cov qauv.
Qhov txawv ntawm polymer thiab macromolecule stems los ntawm qhov tseeb tias polymer yog ib qho kev faib tawm ntawm macromolecule. Macromolecules yog cov molecules loj heev nrog siab molecular hnyav. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb tuaj yeem faib cov macromolecule rau hauv ob pawg loj raws li nws cov qauv. Namely, lawv yog polymerized molecules thiab non-polymerized molecules. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov ntaub ntawv polymer los ntawm cov polymerization ntawm cov molecules me, uas yog cov monomers. Tab sis, tag nrho cov macromolecules tsis suav nrog ib chav monomer rov ua dua thoob plaws hauv nws cov qauv.
YDab tsi yog Polymer?
Lo lus polymer txhais tau tias ntau qhov chaw ("poly"=ntau thiab "mer"=seem); lo lus no los ntawm ob lo lus Greek "polus" (=ntau) thiab "meros" (=seem). Polymer yog ib qho loj molecule uas muaj tib lub tsev thaiv. Txhua lub polymer muaj ib chav tsev rov ua dua hu ua monomer. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ib txwm tshwm sim polymers nrog rau cov khoom siv hluavtaws polymers. Piv txwv li, shellac, wool, silk, ntuj roj hmab thiab amber yog ib co ntawm cov natural polymers. Cellulose yog lwm yam ntuj tsim polymer uas peb tuaj yeem pom hauv ntoo thiab ntawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, bio-polymers tshwm sim hauv cov kab mob lom; Cov proteins (polyamides), nucleic acids (polynucleotides) thiab carbohydrates yog ob peb yam piv txwv ntawm bio-polymers.
Dhau li ntawm, nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no, muaj ntau cov khoom siv hluavtaws hluavtaws, uas muaj ntau yam siv hauv peb lub neej niaj hnub. Cov ntaub ntawv no yooj yim heev rau siv. Piv txwv li, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), hluavtaws roj hmab thiab phenol formaldehyde resin (Bakelite) yog qee qhov feem ntau cov khoom siv dag zog. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau yam khoom siv polymers tsis yog bio-degradable.
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YKev faib tawm ntawm Polymers
Cov khoom ntawm polymers txawv nyob ntawm tus qauv thiab hom kev sib txuas ntawm cov molecule. Tsis tas li ntawd, sib ntxiv ntawm cov polymers feem ntau tshwm sim thoob plaws cov pa roj carbon ob daim ntawv cog lus. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws kuj suav nrog lub nplhaib qhib kaw lus. Vinyl polymers feem ntau poob rau hauv pawg no.
| YPolymer | Formula | Monomer |
|
YPolyethylene low density (LDPE) |
–(CH2-CH2)n– |
ethylene CH2=CH2 |
|
YPolyethylene siab ceev (HDPE) |
–(CH2-CH2)n– |
ethylene CH2=CH2 |
|
YPolypropylene (PP) qib sib txawv |
–[CH2-CH(CH3) n– |
Ypropylene CH2=CHCH3 |
|
Poly (vinyl chloride) Y(PVC) |
–(CH2-CHCl)n– |
Yvinyl chloride CH2=CHCl |
|
YPolystyrene (PS) |
–[CH2-CH(C6H5)n– |
styrene CH2=CHC6H5 |
|
YPolyacrylonitrile (PAN, Orlon, Acrilan) |
–(CH2-CHCN)n– |
Yacrylonitrile CH2=CHCN |
|
YPolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, Teflon) |
–(CF2-CF2)n– |
tetrafluoroethylene CF2=CF2 |
|
Poly (vinyl acetate) (PVAc) |
–(CH2-CHOCOCH3)n– |
Yvinyl acetate CH2=CHOCOCH3 |
Ntxiv mus, ntau cov khoom siv polymers yog cov khoom uas muaj ntau yam thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm lub cev. Lawv feem ntau yog inert (dej resistant, corrosion resistant), saj zawg zog (elastic), thiab muaj ib tug tsawg melting point (tuaj yeem molded tau yooj yim).
Macromolecule yog dab tsi?
Macromolecule yog ib qho loj heev molecule uas muaj ntau txhiab atoms. Nws muaj qhov hnyav molecular xws li ntau txhiab mus rau ntau lab thiab qhov loj los ntawm ntau kaum nanometers (nm) mus rau ob peb centimeters (cm). Piv txwv li, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, thiab nucleic acids yog ib co ntawm cov macromolecules.
Daim duab 01: Protein yog ib qho Macromolecule
Ntawm no, qee qhov macromolecules yog ntau ntawm chav tsev rov ua dua (monomer), thiab lawv yog cov polymers. Carbohydrates, proteins, thiab lipids muaj monomers. Txawm li cas los xij, peb tsis tuaj yeem faib qee qhov macromolecules rau hauv ib qho chaw; Qee cov molecules muaj macrocycles. Piv txwv li, rog yog macromolecule synthesized los ntawm condensation ntawm plaub molecules (glycerol thiab 3-fatty acids), tab sis nws tsis yog ib tug polymer.
Qhov txawv ntawm Polymer thiab Macromolecule yog dab tsi?
Macromolecule thiab polymer yog ob qho tib si loj heev. Tsis tas li ntawd, polymer yog macromolecule nrog ib chav tsev rov ua dua, "monomer" thoob plaws hauv cov qauv molecular. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog txhua tus macromolecules yog polymers. Vim, peb faib tsis tau ib co ntawm lawv mus rau hauv me me units. Ntawd yog, tsis yog txhua tus macromolecule muaj monomer hauv lawv cov qauv. Yog li, qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm polymer thiab macromolecule yog tias cov polymer yog macromolecule nrog ib chav tsev rov ua dua hu ua monomer thoob plaws hauv cov qauv molecular whereas, tsis yog txhua txhua macromolecule muaj monomer hauv lawv cov qauv. Tsis tas li ntawd, lwm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov polymer thiab macromolecule yog tias cov macromolecules muaj ob qho tib si polymeric thiab non-polymeric molecules, tab sis cov polymers suav nrog tsuas yog polymerized molecules.
Cov duab hauv qab no nthuav tawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov polymer thiab macromolecule hauv daim ntawv tabular.
Summary – Polymer vs Macromolecule
Macromolecule yog cov molecule uas loj molecular hnyav. Yog li, qhov hnyav molecular yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv macromolecule. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis zoo li hauv macromolecules, polymer tuaj yeem lossis tsis muaj qhov hnyav molecular. Nws tsim los ntawm kev rov ua ib chav tsev me me hauv lawv cov qauv. Yog li, feem ntau ntawm cov polymers muaj qhov hnyav molecular. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov polymer uas muaj qhov hnyav molecular loj heev yog macromolecule. Ntawm qhov tod tes, muaj peev xwm ua tau polymerized lossis tsis-polymerized molecules hauv macromolecules. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv luv luv, yog hais tias ib tug polymer muaj ib tug kuj siab molecular hnyav, peb npe nws li macromolecule. Li no, qhov no qhia txog qhov sib txawv ntawm polymer thiab macromolecule.
