Phoneme vs Grapheme
Rau cov neeg nyiam kawm hom lus paub qhov txawv ntawm phoneme thiab grapheme tuaj yeem pab tau zoo. Rau coob tus ntawm cov neeg kawm lus no, kev kawm hom lus tuaj yeem txhais tau tias kawm kev sib txuas lus los ntawm hom lus ntawd. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj lwm pab pawg ntawm cov neeg kawm lus uas xav mus dhau lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev kawm lus paub rau txhua tus mus rau nws qhov tob dua; tsis yog kawm lus xwb, tab sis kawm txog hom lus, uas txhais tau tias lawv kawm txog cov txheej txheem ntawm cov lus. Linguistics: txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov lus, yog kev qhuab qhia tshwj xeeb txhais cov kev kawm lus no. Linguists sim kawm los ntawm hom lus, lawv cov txheej txheem thiab cov qauv. Hais txog cov qauv, txhua yam lus yog tsim los ntawm kab lus uas yog tsim los ntawm cov lus. Cov suab thiab cov ntawv ua cov lus. Kab lus no nrhiav kev tshawb fawb txog ob qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb hauv kev hais lus: phoneme thiab grapheme.
Phoneme yog dab tsi?
A phoneme yog ib lub suab xwb. Cov kws txhais lus tshwj xeeb txhais tau tias yog 'qhov sib txawv me me hauv lub suab ntawm ib hom lus.' Phonemes tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus, tab sis lawv sib txuas nrog lwm cov xov tooj los tsim cov ntsiab lus loj dua xws li morphemes (qhov tsawg tshaj plaws grammatical unit hauv ib hom lus) thiab cov lus.. Phonemes teeb meem raws li kev hloov pauv hauv phoneme tuaj yeem txhais lub ntsiab lus sib txawv. Piv txwv li, lo lus 'tub' yog phonetically sau li / bɔɪ/ thiab yog hais tias koj hloov lub phoneme / b / rau hauv / t /, nws denotes lo lus 'toy' (phonemic transcription / tɔɪ /) lub ntsiab lus ib yam dab tsi txawv kiag li. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm phonemes nyob rau hauv lub suab system ib hom lus yog li cim. Txhua hom lus muaj tus lej tas li ntawm phonemes thiab lus Askiv muaj txog 44 phonemes uas tuaj yeem sawv cev los ntawm ntau qhov kev sau ntawv. Hauv cov ntawv sau, phonemes feem ntau yog sau ntawm "/": e.g. /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, thiab lwm yam. Cov cim ntawm lub phonemes yog sawv cev los ntawm IPA: International Phonemic Alphabet, featuring yuav luag tag nrho cov phonemes uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov lus nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.
Dab tsi yog Grapheme?
A grapheme yog lub hauv paus me me hauv cov lus sau uas tuaj yeem sib npaug rau lub xov tooj uas yog lub suab sib txawv me tshaj plaws (hais lus). Graphemes tsuas yog txhais tau tias cov ntawv lossis cov cim ntawm kev sau ntawv hauv ntiaj teb. Graphemes tej zaum yuav los yog tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus ntawm lawv. Grapheme yog hais txog ib tsab ntawv ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv, tab sis nyob rau lub sijhawm ob lossis peb tsab ntawv tuaj yeem suav tias yog ib qho grapheme; lawv hu ua digraph thiab trigraph feem. Piv txwv li, lo lus 'nkoj' muaj plaub tsab ntawv thiab peb lub xov tooj / ʃɪp /, tsis tau nws tsuas muaj peb lub graphemes li 'sh' yog suav tias yog digraph. Ntawm qhov tod tes, ib qho grapheme tuaj yeem sawv cev ntau dua ib lub phoneme. Piv txwv li, 'tux' muaj ob daim duab thiab peb lub xov tooj, / tʌks /. Li no, graphemes tsis yog ib txwm sawv cev rau tib tus lej ntawm cov xov tooj lossis cov tsiaj ntawv.
Qhov txawv ntawm Phoneme thiab Grapheme yog dab tsi?
• Phoneme yog lub suab qis tshaj plaws ntawm ib hom lus thaum lub grapheme yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws hauv cov lus sau.
• Phonemes sawv cev rau cov suab, thiab graphemes suav nrog cov tsiaj ntawv, cov cim, tus lej, thiab lwm yam.
• Kev hloov pauv hauv lub xov tooj tuaj yeem cuam tshuam lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus thiab kev hloov pauv hauv grapheme ib txwm hloov lub ntsiab lus.
• Phonemes muaj cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb.
• Graphemes tsis ib txwm muaj kev cuam tshuam tib lub xov tooj. Qee zaum ib lub grapheme tuaj yeem sawv cev rau ob lub xov tooj lossis ob lub graphems ua ke (digraph) tuaj yeem sawv cev tsuas yog ib lub xov tooj xwb.
• Phonemes tsis pom, tab sis graphemes feem ntau pom.
Xav txog qhov sib txawv no thiab cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb, nws nkag siab tias phonemes thiab graphemes yog ob yam sib txawv hauv ib hom lus nrog lawv qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb yog phonemes sawv cev cov suab thiab graphemes sawv cev rau cov ntawv sau, lej lossis cov cim.
Images By: Deepak D'Souza (CC BY-SA 3.0), Drdpw (CC BY-SA 3.0)
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