Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm hydration thiab hydrogenation yog tias hydration yog hais txog qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov dej molecules rau cov organic compound, whereas hydrogenation yog hais txog qhov sib ntxiv ntawm hydrogen molecule rau cov organic compound.
Hydration thiab hydrogenation yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv cov tshuaj synthesis tshuaj. Ob qhov kev cuam tshuam no cuam tshuam nrog kev qhib ntawm ob daim ntawv cog lus hauv cov organic sib txuas los ntawm kev sib ntxiv ntawm cov khoom hloov pauv rau cov pa roj carbon atoms hauv ob daim ntawv cog lus. Cov kev hloov pauv uas tau ntxiv rau hauv cov txheej txheem no txawv ntawm ib leeg.
Dab dej yog dab tsi?
Hydration yog qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov dej molecule rau cov organic compound. Cov organic compound feem ntau yog alkene, uas muaj ob daim ntawv cog lus ntawm ob lub atoms carbon. Cov dej molecule tau ntxiv rau ob daim ntawv cog lus hauv daim ntawv ntawm pawg hydroxyl (OH–) thiab proton (H+). Yog li ntawd, cov dej molecule dissociates rau hauv nws cov ions ua ntej no ntxiv. Cov pab pawg hydroxyl txuas rau ib lub atom ntawm ob daim ntawv cog lus thaum lub proton txuas nrog rau lwm cov pa roj carbon.
Daim duab 01: Ib qho yooj yim Hydration Reaction
Vim tias nws cuam tshuam nrog kev sib tsoo thiab kev tsim cov ntawv cog lus, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog exothermic heev. Qhov ntawd txhais tau tias; cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tso tawm lub zog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tshav kub. Nws yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv stepwise; Nyob rau hauv thawj kauj ruam, cov alkene ua raws li ib tug nucleophile thiab tawm tsam cov proton ntawm cov dej molecule thiab khi nrog nws los ntawm qhov tsawg dua carbon atom. Ntawm no, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ua raws li txoj cai Markonikov.
Kauj Ruam thib ob suav nrog kev txuas ntawm oxygen atom ntawm cov dej molecule rau lwm cov pa roj carbon atom (hloov cov pa roj carbon atom) ntawm ob daim ntawv cog lus. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, cov pa oxygen atom ntawm cov dej molecule nqa ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo vim nws dais peb daim ntawv cog lus. Tom qab ntawd los ntawm lwm cov dej molecule uas yuav siv cov proton ntxiv ntawm cov dej molecule uas txuas nrog, tawm hauv pawg hydroxyl ntawm cov pa roj carbon tsawg dua. Yog li, qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv no ua rau tsim cov cawv. Txawm li cas los xij, alkynes (triple daim ntawv cog lus muaj hydrocarbons) kuj tuaj yeem raug cov tshuaj tiv thaiv dej.
Y Hydrogenation yog dab tsi?
Y Hydrogenation yog txheej txheem ntawm kev ntxiv cov hydrogen molecule rau cov organic compound. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no suav nrog kev kho cov organic compound nrog hydrogen gas. Feem ntau, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug catalyst xws li npib tsib xee, palladium los yog platinum. Non-catalytic hydrogenations tsuas yog ua tau thaum kub heev. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov txheej txheem no tseem ceeb hauv kev txo qis ntawm cov organic tebchaw unsaturated. Qhov ntawd txhais tau tias; hydrogenation tuaj yeem qhib tau ob daim ntawv cog lus lossis triple daim ntawv cog lus hauv cov organic tebchaw thiab hloov mus rau hauv cov tebchaw uas muaj ib daim ntawv cog lus.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm hydrogenation muaj peb yam: unsaturated substrate, hydrogen qhov chaw thiab catalyst. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tej yam kev mob xws li kub thiab siab sib txawv nyob ntawm seb hom unsaturated compound thiab cov catalyst. Lub substrate tuaj yeem yog alkene lossis alkyne. Lub hydrogenation tuaj yeem ua rau ob txoj hauv kev: homogeneous catalysis thiab heterogeneous catalysis.
Hauv homogeneous catalyst, cov hlau catalyst khi nrog ob qho tib si alkene thiab hydrogen kom muab cov khoom nruab nrab (alkene-catalyst-hydrogen intermediate complex). Tom qab ntawd qhov kev hloov ntawm ib qho atom hydrogen los ntawm cov hlau mus rau carbon hauv ob daim ntawv cog lus (lossis triple daim ntawv cog lus) tshwm sim. Dab tsi tshwm sim tom ntej yog kev hloov pauv ntawm lwm cov atom hydrogen los ntawm hydrogen qhov chaw mus rau pawg alkyl nrog kev sib cais ntawm cov alkane ib txhij.
Daim duab 02: Peb kauj ruam ntawm Hydrogenation
Hauv cov catalysis heterogeneous, cov nyiaj tsis txaus ntseeg khi nrog cov catalyst thaum hydrogen qhov chaw nkag mus rau hauv ob lub hydrogen atoms. Tom qab ntawd ib kauj ruam thim rov qab tshwm sim qhov twg ib qho hydrogen atom khi rau cov ntawv cog lus tsis txaus ntseeg. Thaum kawg, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis tuaj yeem tshwm sim qhov twg lwm cov hydrogen atom txuas rau pawg alkyl.
Qhov txawv ntawm Dej thiab Hydrogenation yog dab tsi?
Hydration thiab hydrogenation yog cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb hauv cov tshuaj synthesis. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm hydration thiab hydrogenation yog tias hydration yog hais txog qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov dej molecules rau cov organic compound, hos hydrogenation yog hais txog qhov sib ntxiv ntawm hydrogen molecule rau cov organic compound.
Hauv qab infographic qhia txog qhov sib txawv ntawm hydration thiab hydrogenation.
Summary – Hydration vs Hydrogenation
Hydration thiab hydrogenation yog cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb hauv cov tshuaj synthesis. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm hydration thiab hydrogenation yog tias hydration yog hais txog qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov dej molecules rau cov organic compound, whereas hydrogenation yog hais txog qhov sib ntxiv ntawm hydrogen molecule rau cov organic compound.
