Qhov txawv ntawm DNA thiab RNA yog DNA yog hom nucleic acid uas muaj deoxyribonucleotides thaum RNA yog hom thib ob ntawm nucleic acid uas muaj ribonucleotides.
Muaj ob hom nucleic acids hauv lub cell xws li DNA thiab RNA. DNA sawv cev rau deoxyribonucleic acid thaum RNA sawv cev rau ribonucleic acid. Ob hom nucleic acids tseem ceeb heev. DNA ua raws li cov khoom tsim los ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov kab mob nyob. Ntawm qhov tod tes, RNA tseem ceeb vim peb hom RNA yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov protein. Hauv eukaryotes, DNA muaj nyob rau hauv lub nucleus thaum nyob rau hauv prokaryotes, DNA yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv ob hom kab mob, RNA muaj nyob hauv cytoplasm.
DNA yog dab tsi?
DNA yog cov ntawv luv ntawm Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Hauv tib neeg, DNA nqa cov ntaub ntawv caj ces nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov nucleotide tshwj xeeb hu ua noob. Genes encode rau cov proteins. Nyob rau hauv lub hlwb, DNA molecules nruj nreem quav nrog histone proteins thiab teem rau hauv cov xov ntev zoo li cov qauv hu ua chromosomes. Tib neeg genome suav nrog 23 chromosome khub. Tag nrho qhov ntev ntawm cov chromosome yog ze li ntawm 2 meters (ze li qhov siab ntawm tib neeg). Txij li tag nrho ntev ntawm DNA nruj coils nrog histone proteins, tag nrho 2m DNA saw tuaj yeem nyob hauv lub nucleus.
Tib neeg DNA yog ob txoj hlua khi uas tsim cov deoxyribonucleotides. Txhua deoxyribonucleotide muaj peb yam; ib tug deoxyribose qab zib, ib pawg phosphate, thiab ib tug nitrogenous puag. Plaub hom nitrogenous hauv paus hauv DNA yog adenine, guanine, cytosine thiab thymine. Nucleotides txuas nrog ib leeg los ntawm phosphodiester bonds thiab tsim cov saw DNA. Hauv DNA ob chav helix, ob lub DNA chains yog sib ntxiv rau ib leeg, thiab lawv khiav tawm tsam.
Daim duab 01: DNA
Ntxiv mus, DNA muaj peev xwm rov ua dua nws tus kheej lossis muab tso rau hauv mRNA (tus xa xov RNA) los tsim cov protein. Tag nrho cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm tes yog nyob ntawm DNA cov lus, thiab cov lus no yuav hloov mus rau mRNA, thiab tus xa xov yuav tawm ntawm lub hauv paus los tsim cov protein.
RNA yog dab tsi?
RNA yog cov ntawv luv ntawm Ribonucleic Acid. RNA feem ntau yog ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm ribonucleotides. Ribonucleotides txawv ntawm deoxyribonucleotides los ntawm ob yam xws li los ntawm pentose qab zib ribose thiab nitrogenous puag uracil. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm RNA yog nqa cov kab lus ntawm cov noob caj noob ces los ntawm DNA mus rau qhov chaw tsim cov protein thiab pab ua cov protein synthesis.
Ntxiv mus, muaj peb hom RNA uas yog mRNA, tRNA, thiab rRNA. Tag nrho peb hom yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov protein. mRNA coj cov ntaub ntawv caj ces los tsim cov protein los ntawm DNA thaum tRNA lees paub cov codons ntawm mRNA thiab coj cov amino acids rau ribosomes. rRNA sib sau cov amino acids rau hauv polypeptide saw thiab ua rau cov protein. Li no, tag nrho peb hom kev koom tes hauv kev sib txuas ntawm cov protein los ntawm kev ua tiav cov haujlwm sib txawv tab sis koom tes ua haujlwm.
Figure 02: RNA
Nyob hauv cov kab mob uas muaj sia nyob feem ntau, RNA tsis ua haujlwm li cov khoom siv caj ces. Tab sis qee tus kab mob muaj RNA genomes. Feem ntau ntawm cov kab mob ua rau mob khaub thuas yog kab mob RNA. Tsis tas li ntawd, RNA feem ntau tsim los ntawm DNA, tab sis DNA tsis tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm RNA (tshwj tsis yog cov kab mob retroviruses, qhov uas muaj qhov rov qab enzyme transcriptase tam sim no). Piv rau DNA, RNA yog qhov me me. Tsis tas li ntawd, RNA yuav tsis raug xa mus ua cov khoom siv caj ces thaum lub cell tsim ib lub xov tooj tshiab (tshwj tsis yog tus kab mob RNA).
Dab tsi zoo sib xws ntawm DNA thiab RNA?
- DNA thiab RNA yog nucleic acids hauv cov kab mob muaj sia.
- Lawv yog macromolecules tsim los ntawm nucleotide monomers.
- Tsis tas li, ob qho tib si tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov protein.
- Tsis tas li ntawd, ob qho tib si yog ob txoj hlua khi los yog ib txoj hlua khi.
- Dhau li ntawm, lawv muaj pentose qab zib molecules, phosphate pawg thiab nitrogenous bases.
Qhov txawv ntawm DNA thiab RNA yog dab tsi?
DNA yog ib qho ntawm ob hom nucleic acids uas suav nrog deoxyribonucleotides. Ntawm qhov tod tes, RNA yog hom thib ob ntawm nucleic acid uas tsim ribonucleotides. Qhov no yog qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm DNA thiab RNA. Tsis tas li ntawd, DNA ua haujlwm raws li cov khoom siv caj ces ntawm cov kab mob feem ntau. Yog li, DNA tau txais los ntawm niam txiv mus rau cov xeeb ntxwv. Tab sis, RNA tsis ua haujlwm raws li cov khoom siv caj ces ntawm feem ntau cov kab mob muaj sia nyob li no, tsis tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm niam txiv mus rau cov xeeb ntxwv. Yog li, qhov no yog lwm qhov sib txawv ntawm DNA thiab RNA.
Structurally, DNA muaj deoxyribose qab zib thaum RNA muaj ribose qab zib. Li no, qhov no kuj yog qhov sib txawv ntawm DNA thiab RNA. Tsis tas li ntawd, lwm qhov sib txawv ntawm DNA thiab RNA yog DNA muaj thymine thaum RNA muaj uracil. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, DNA yog ob-stranded thiab ntev chains thaum RNA yog ib leeg-stranded thiab luv chains. Yog li, nws kuj yog qhov sib txawv ntawm DNA thiab RNA.
Cov duab hauv qab no nthuav tawm cov ntsiab lus ntxiv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm DNA thiab RNA.
Summary – DNA vs RNA
DNA thiab RNA yog ob hom nucleic acids. Lawv yog macromolecules tsim los ntawm nucleotides. DNA ua haujlwm raws li cov khoom siv caj ces ntawm feem ntau cov kab mob nyob. Ntawm qhov tod tes, RNA koom nrog hauv cov protein synthesis. Tsis tas li ntawd, DNA yog ob-stranded thaum RNA yog ib leeg tso tseg. Ntxiv mus, DNA ntev dua RNA. Tsis tas li ntawd, DNA nyob hauv lub nucleus thaum RNA feem ntau nyob hauv cytoplasm. DNA tau dhau los ntawm niam txiv mus rau cov xeeb ntxwv thaum RNA tsis tau txais txiaj ntsig. Qhov no qhia txog qhov sib txawv ntawm DNA thiab RNA.
