Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm pab pawg ua haujlwm thiab cov neeg hloov pauv yog tias cov pab pawg ua haujlwm yog ib feem ntawm cov molecule whereas hloov pauv yog hom tshuaj uas tuaj yeem hloov lub atom lossis ib pawg ntawm atoms hauv molecule.
Cov ntsiab lus ua haujlwm pab pawg thiab hloov pauv feem ntau pom hauv cov tshuaj lom neeg. Ib pab pawg ua haujlwm yog ib hom kev hloov pauv uas ua rau muaj kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov molecule. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ib qho molecule undergoes yog txiav txim los ntawm pawg neeg ua haujlwm. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov hloov pauv tuaj yeem yog hom tshuaj lom neeg lossis hom tshuaj tsis muaj zog.
Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm yog dab tsi?
Ib pawg ua haujlwm yog ib qho kev hloov pauv tshwj xeeb hauv cov molecule uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau cov yam ntxwv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov molecules. Yog tias cov pab pawg ua haujlwm zoo ib yam rau ob lub molecules uas muaj cov qauv tshuaj sib txawv, ob lub molecules yuav raug cov tshuaj zoo sib xws, txawm tias qhov loj ntawm cov molecules. Cov pab pawg ua haujlwm tseem ceeb heev hauv kev sib txawv; hauv kev txheeb xyuas qhov tsis paub txog cov molecules, hauv kev txiav txim siab kawg cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, hauv cov tshuaj synthesis tshuaj rau kev tsim thiab kev sib txuas ntawm cov tebchaw tshiab, thiab lwm yam.
Daim duab 01: Qee Pawg Ua Haujlwm Tseem Ceeb
Feem ntau, cov pab pawg ua haujlwm tau txuas rau lub molecule ntawm covalent tshuaj bonds. Hauv cov khoom siv polymer, cov pab pawg ua haujlwm tau txuas nrog cov tub ntxhais uas tsis muaj zog ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms, muab cov polymer nws cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb. Qee zaum, cov pab pawg ua haujlwm raug them cov tshuaj lom neeg. i.e. carboxylate ion pawg. Qhov no ua rau lub molecule yog polyatomic ion. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov pab pawg ua haujlwm uas txuas rau lub hauv paus hlau atom hauv kev sib koom ua ke hu ua ligands. Qee qhov piv txwv zoo rau pawg ua haujlwm suav nrog pawg hydroxyl, pawg carbonyl, pawg aldehyde, pawg ketone, pawg carboxyl, thiab lwm yam.
Dab tsi yog qhov hloov pauv?
Ib tus hloov pauv yog ib qho atom lossis ib pawg ntawm atoms uas tuaj yeem hloov tau ib lossis ntau lub atom hauv molecule. Ntawm no, qhov hloov pauv zoo li txuas nrog qhov tshiab molecule. Thaum txiav txim siab txog hom kev hloov pauv, muaj ob pawg neeg nquag xws li pab pawg ua haujlwm thiab pab pawg tsis ua haujlwm ib yam. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov teebmeem steric tuaj yeem tshwm sim vim qhov ntim tau los ntawm cov neeg hloov pauv hauv cov molecule lawv hloov. Kuj tseem tuaj yeem muaj cov teebmeem polar uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm inductive teebmeem thiab mesomeric teebmeem. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntsiab lus feem ntau-hloov thiab hloov tsawg kawg yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig thaum piav qhia txog cov txheeb ze ntawm cov neeg hloov pauv hauv cov molecules sib txawv.
Daim duab 02: Kev tso chaw ntawm Cov Pab Pawg Sib Tw kom cov Reactivity ntawm Molecule nce
Thaum naming organic compounds, peb yuav tsum xav txog cov hom kev hloov pauv uas lawv muaj thiab cov haujlwm ntawm cov neeg hloov pauv thiab. Piv txwv li, lub ntsiab lus -yl txhais tau tias, ib qho hydrogen atom ntawm cov molecule raug hloov; -ylidene txhais tau hais tias ob lub hydrogen atoms (los ntawm ob daim ntawv cog lus ntawm cov molecule thiab cov khoom hloov tshiab) thiab -ylidyne txhais tau hais tias peb hydrogen atoms raug hloov los ntawm ib qho kev hloov pauv (los ntawm triple daim ntawv cog lus ntawm molecule thiab cov khoom hloov tshiab).
Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm thiab Hloov Hloov?
Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm pab pawg ua haujlwm thiab hloov pauv yog tias pawg ua haujlwm yog ib feem ntawm cov molecule whereas tus hloov pauv yog hom tshuaj uas tuaj yeem hloov lub atom lossis pawg atoms hauv molecule. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov pab pawg ua haujlwm yog pawg ua haujlwm, thiab lawv ua rau cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov molecule. Qhov tseeb, lawv yog ib hom kev hloov pauv. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov neeg hloov pauv tuaj yeem yog pawg ua haujlwm lossis tsis ua haujlwm; Qhov ntawd txhais tau tias, lawv tuaj yeem ua rau lossis tsis ua rau cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm cov molecule.
Hauv qab infographic qhia txog qhov sib txawv ntawm pab pawg ua haujlwm thiab hloov pauv.
Summary – Functional Group vs Substituent
Nyob rau hauv cov organic chemistry, cov ntsiab lus ua haujlwm pab pawg thiab hloov pauv feem ntau pom. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov pab pawg ua haujlwm thiab cov neeg hloov pauv yog tias pawg ua haujlwm yog ib feem ntawm cov molecule thaum lub hloov pauv yog hom tshuaj uas tuaj yeem hloov tau ib qho atom lossis ib pawg ntawm atoms hauv molecule.
