Qhov txawv ntawm Hybrid thiab Degenerate Orbitals

2024 Tus sau: Alex Aldridge | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 13:40

Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm hybrid thiab degenerate orbitals yog tias hybrid orbitals yog cov orbitals tshiab uas tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm ob lossis ntau dua orbitals, whereas degenerate orbitals Ameslikas muaj nyob hauv ib lub atom.

Raws li nws lub npe txhais tau hais tias, ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke yog ib qho kev sib xyaw ntawm ob lossis ntau lub orbitals. Txawm hais tias lub npe degenerate orbital zoo li qub, lawv tsis yog tsim tshiab orbitals - lawv twb muaj nyob rau hauv ib qho atom. Ntxiv mus, tag nrho cov hybrid orbitals nyob rau hauv ib lub molecule muaj tib lub zog thaum degenerate orbitals nyob rau hauv ib lub atom muaj tib lub zog.

Hybrid Orbitals yog dab tsi?

Hybrid orbitals yog orbitals tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm ob lossis ntau dua atomic orbitals. Peb hu qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke hybridization. Ua ntej tsim cov orbitals, lub atomic orbitals yuav muaj zog sib txawv, tab sis tom qab tsim, tag nrho cov orbitals muaj tib lub zog. Piv txwv li, ib qho atomic orbital, thiab p atomic orbital tuaj yeem ua ke los ua ob lub sp orbitals. Lub s thiab p atomic orbitals muaj lub zog sib txawv (lub zog ntawm s < lub zog ntawm p). Tab sis, hybridization tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tsim ntawm ob sp orbitals muaj tib lub zog; lub zog no nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub zog ntawm tus kheej s thiab p atomic orbital energies. Ntxiv mus, qhov no sp hybrid orbital muaj 50% s orbital yam ntxwv thiab 50% p orbital yam ntxwv.

Daim duab 01: Sp Hybridization

Lub tswv yim ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ntej tau los rau hauv kev sib tham vim cov kws tshawb fawb pom tias txoj kev xav ntawm valence daim ntawv cog lus tsis ua kom raug kwv yees tus qauv ntawm qee cov molecules xws li CH₄Txawm hais tias cov pa roj carbon atom tsuas muaj ob qho tib si tsis muaj hluav taws xob raws li nws cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, nws tuaj yeem tsim plaub daim ntawv cog lus. Yuav kom tsim tau plaub daim ntawv cog lus, yuav tsum muaj plaub lub tshuab hluav taws xob tsis sib xws. Tib txoj kev los piav qhia qhov tshwm sim no yog xav tias s thiab p orbitals ntawm carbon atom fuse nrog ib leeg los tsim cov orbitals tshiab hu ua hybrid orbitals, uas muaj tib lub zog. Ntawm no, ib tug s + peb p muab 4 sp^{3 orbitals. Yog li ntawd, electrons sau cov hybrid orbitals tusyees (ib tug electron ib hybrid orbital), ua raws li Hund txoj cai. Tom qab ntawd, muaj plaub lub electrons rau kev tsim ntawm plaub covalent bonds nrog plaub hydrogen atoms.}

Dab tsi yog Degenerate Orbitals?

Denigrate orbitals yog cov atomic orbitals muaj tib lub zog. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv p orbital subshell, muaj peb lub atomic orbitals uas txawv ntawm ib leeg raws li qhov kev npaj spatial. Txawm hais tias lub zog ntawm peb lub p orbitals no zoo ib yam, lawv sib txawv; Yog li ntawd, peb hu lawv degenerate orbitals.

Daim duab 02: Kev Npaj ntawm Peb P Orbitals

Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm sab nraud magnetic teb, peb tuaj yeem tshem tawm qhov degeneracy. Nws yog vim hais tias degenerate orbitals yuav tau txais kev sib txawv zog nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm no sab nraud magnetic teb, thiab lawv tsis degenerate orbitals lawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsib d orbitals nyob rau hauv d subshell kuj degenerate orbitals vim lawv muaj tib lub zog.

Qhov txawv ntawm Hybrid thiab Degenerate Orbitals yog dab tsi?

Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm hybrid thiab degenerate orbitals yog tias hybrid orbitals yog cov orbitals tshiab tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm ob lossis ntau dua orbitals, whereas degenerate orbitals yog orbitals uas thaum chiv thawj muaj nyob hauv ib lub atom. Tsis tas li ntawd, hybrid orbitals yog molecular orbitals, thaum degenerate orbitals yog atomic orbitals. Ntxiv mus, hybrid orbitals yog molecular orbitals muaj tib lub zog thaum degenerate orbitals yog atomic orbitals muaj tib lub zog. Piv txwv li, sp, sp² thiab sp^{3 orbitals yog hybrid orbitals thaum peb p orbitals hauv p subshell.}

Summary – Hybrid vs Degenerate Orbitals

Hybrid orbitals yog molecular orbitals thaum degenerate orbitals yog atomic orbitals. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm hybrid thiab degenerate orbitals yog tias hybrid orbitals tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm ob lossis ntau dua orbitals, whereas degenerate orbitals Ameslikas muaj nyob rau hauv ib qho atom.