Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntshiab thiab hybrid orbitals yog qhov ntshiab orbitals yog thawj atomic orbitals whereas lub hybrid orbitals tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm ob lossis ntau dua atomic orbitals.
Nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj lom neeg tsim cov molecules yooj yim, peb tuaj yeem xav txog qhov sib tshooj ntawm atomic orbitals. Tab sis yog tias peb tham txog cov tshuaj sib txuas hauv cov molecules complex, peb yuav tsum paub tias dab tsi yog orbital hybridization. Orbital hybridization yog lub tswv yim tshuaj uas piav qhia txog kev sib xyaw ntawm atomic orbitals los tsim cov hybrid orbitals tshiab. Cov orbitals no koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj lom neeg cov khoom sib txuas.
Pure Orbitals yog dab tsi?
Ntshiab orbitals yog atomic orbitals uas muaj cov electrons ntawm lub atom. Cov orbitals no tsis yog sib xyaw orbitals zoo li hybrid orbitals. Lub orbital muab qhov feem ntau qhov chaw ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv ib lub atom txij li thaum lub electrons nyob rau hauv tas li txav nyob ib ncig ntawm lub atomic nucleus. Tsis yog qhov chaw ruaj khov, qhov no muab thaj chaw uas cov hluav taws xob tuaj yeem tshwm sim ntawm lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb.
Cov ntshiab atomic orbitals muaj nyob rau hauv ntau daim duab xws li cov duab kheej kheej, cov duab dumbbell. Raws li quantum mechanics, muaj ib txheej ntawm quantum tooj uas peb siv los ua lub npe orbital. Cov lej no suav nrog n (tus naj npawb quantum tus lej), l (angular momentum quantum tooj), m (sib nqus quantum tooj) thiab s (spin quantum tooj). Txhua lub orbital nyob qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm ob lub electrons. Raws li lub angular momentum quantum tooj, muaj plaub feem ntau hu ua atomic orbitals li s orbital (spherical shaped), p orbital (dumbbell-shaped), d orbital (ob dumbbells nyob rau hauv tib lub dav hlau) thiab f orbital (ib tug complex qauv).
Hybrid Orbitals yog dab tsi?
Hybrid orbitals yog cov molecular orbitals uas tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm atomic orbitals. Cov no yog hypothetical orbitals. Qhov sib tov tshwm sim ntawm cov atomic orbitals ntawm tib lub atom. Qhov kev sib xyaw no tshwm sim txhawm rau txhawm rau tsim cov tshuaj lom neeg sib txuas nrog lwm lub atom. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib xyaw no yog "orbital hybridization" uas ua rau hybrid orbitals. Peb lub npe rau cov orbitals raws li lub atomic orbitals uas dhau mus hybridization.
Daim duab 01: sp3 Hybridization
Raws li, peb yam tseem ceeb ntawm hybrid orbitals yog:
- sp hybrid orbital - cov ntaub ntawv no vim yog hybridization ntawm s thiab p atomic orbitals. Yog li qhov tshwm sim hybrid orbital muaj 50% s tus yam ntxwv thiab 50% p tus yam ntxwv orbital. Qhov no hybrid orbital muaj ib txoj kab sib txuas.
- sp2 hybrid orbital - cov ntaub ntawv no vim yog hybridization ntawm ib tug s thiab ob p orbitals. Yog li qhov tshwm sim hybrid orbital muaj 33% ntawm s orbital yam ntxwv thiab 66% ntawm p orbital yam ntxwv. Kev npaj spatial yog trigonal planar.
- sp3 hybrid orbital - cov ntaub ntawv no vim yog hybridization ntawm ib s thiab peb p orbitals. Li no qhov tshwm sim hybrid orbital muaj 25% s yam ntxwv thiab 75% p yam ntxwv. Lub spatial kev npaj ntawm cov hybrid orbitals yog tetrahedral.
Qhov txawv ntawm Ntshiab thiab Hybrid Orbitals yog dab tsi?
Ntshiab orbitals yog atomic orbitals uas muaj cov electrons ntawm lub atom whereas hybrid orbitals yog cov molecular orbitals uas tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm atomic orbitals. Qhov no yog qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntshiab thiab hybrid orbitals. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov hybrid orbitals tsim los ntawm orbital hybridization, tab sis cov ntshiab orbitals tsis hybridized. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tsim cov hybrid orbitals yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj lom neeg nyuaj los ntawm kev tsim cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg. Thaum xav txog lub npe ntawm orbitals, peb lub npe ntshiab orbitals li s, p, d thiab f orbitals thaum peb lub npe hybrid orbitals li sp, sp2, sp 3, thiab lwm yam.
Cov hauv qab no infographic tabulates qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntshiab thiab hybrid orbitals kom ceev siv.
Summary – Pure vs Hybrid Orbitals
Atomic orbitals yog thaj chaw uas cov hluav taws xob muaj nyob hauv atoms. Hauv kab lus no, peb tau piav qhia ob hom orbitals li ntshiab thiab hybrid orbitals. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntshiab thiab hybrid orbitals yog qhov ntshiab orbitals yog thawj atomic orbitals whereas hybrid orbitals tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm ob lossis ntau dua atomic orbitals.
