Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm aldehyde thiab ketone yog tias pawg ua haujlwm ntawm ib qho aldehyde tshwm sim ib txwm nyob rau ntawm lub davhlau ya nyob twg whereas pawg ua haujlwm ntawm ketone ib txwm tshwm sim hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov molecule.
Aldehydes thiab ketones yog cov organic molecules nrog pawg carbonyl. Hauv ib pawg carbonyl, carbon atom muaj ob daim ntawv cog lus rau oxygen. Cov carbonyl carbon atom yog sp2 hybridized. Yog li, aldehydes thiab ketones muaj qhov kev npaj trigonal nyob ib ncig ntawm carbonyl carbon atom. Cov pab pawg carbonyl yog ib pawg polar; Yog li, aldehydes thiab ketones muaj cov ntsiab lus kub siab dua piv rau cov hydrocarbons uas muaj qhov hnyav tib yam. Txawm li cas los xij, cov no tsis tuaj yeem ua kom muaj zog hydrogen bonds zoo li cawv; yog li ntawd, lawv muaj cov ntsiab lus kub qis dua li cov cawv sib xws. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm hydrogen daim ntawv cog lus muaj peev xwm tsim tau, qis molecular hnyav aldehydes thiab ketones yog soluble hauv dej. Tab sis thaum qhov hnyav molecular nce, lawv ua hydrophobic.
Aldehyde yog dab tsi?
Aldehyde muaj ib pawg carbonyl. Cov pawg carbonyl no khi nrog lwm cov pa roj carbon monoxide los ntawm ib sab, thiab los ntawm lwm qhov kawg, nws txuas nrog hydrogen atom. Yog li, peb tuaj yeem ua tus cwj pwm aldehydes nrog pawg -CHO. Qhov yooj yim aldehyde yog formaldehyde. Txawm li cas los xij, cov molecule no deviates los ntawm cov qauv dav dav los ntawm kev muaj hydrogen atom es tsis yog R pawg.
Nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm aldehyde, raws li IUPAC system peb siv lo lus "al" los qhia ib qho aldehyde. Rau aliphatic aldehydes, "e" ntawm qhov sib thooj alkane yog hloov nrog "al". Piv txwv li, peb lub npe CH3CHO li ethanal, thiab CH3CH2CHO yog lub npe hu ua propanal.
Daim duab 01: Cov Qauv Tshuaj ntawm Aldehydes
Rau aldehydes nrog lub nplhaib tshuab qhov twg pawg aldehyde ncaj qha mus rau lub nplhaib, peb siv lo lus "carbaldehyde" los ua lub npe rau lawv. Txawm li cas los xij, peb lub npe C6H6CHO feem ntau yog benzaldehyde es tsis siv benzenecarbaldehyde. Peb tuaj yeem tsim cov aldehydes los ntawm ntau txoj kev. Ib txoj hauv kev yog los ntawm oxidizing thawj cawv. Ntxiv mus, peb tuaj yeem tsim cov aldehydes los ntawm kev txo cov esters, nitriles thiab acyl chlorides.
Ketone yog dab tsi?
Hauv ketone, pawg carbonyl tshwm sim ntawm ob lub atoms carbon. Peb siv cov lus "ib" hauv ketone nomenclature. Hloov ntawm "-e" ntawm qhov sib thooj alkane peb siv lo lus "ib". Ntxiv mus, peb suav cov aliphatic saw nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev uas muab cov carbonyl carbon rau tus lej qis tshaj. Piv txwv li, peb lub npe CH3COCH2CH2CH3as 2-pentanone.
Daim duab 02: Cov qauv tshuaj ntawm Ketones
Tsis tas li ntawd, peb tuaj yeem tsim ketones los ntawm oxidation ntawm cov cawv thib ob, ntawm ozonolysis ntawm alkenes, thiab lwm yam. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ketones muaj peev xwm ua rau keto-enol tautomerism. Cov txheej txheem no tshwm sim, thaum lub hauv paus muaj zog yuav siv α-hydrogen (hydrogen txuas nrog cov pa roj carbon, uas nyob ib sab ntawm pawg carbonyl). Lub peev xwm tso tawm α-hydrogen, ua rau ketones acidic dua li cov alkanes.
Qhov txawv ntawm Aldehyde thiab Ketone yog dab tsi?
Aldehyde yog cov organic compound uas muaj cov tshuaj formula R-CHO thaum ketone yog cov organic compound uas muaj cov tshuaj formula R-CO-R '. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm aldehyde thiab ketone yog tias cov pab pawg ua haujlwm ntawm aldehyde tshwm sim ib txwm nyob ntawm qhov kawg thaum cov pab pawg ua haujlwm ntawm ketone ib txwm tshwm sim hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov molecule. Tsis tas li ntawd, aldehydes feem ntau yog reactive dua li ketones.
Raws li lwm qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm aldehyde thiab ketone, peb tuaj yeem hais tias aldehydes tuaj yeem raug oxidation los tsim cov carboxylic acids, tab sis ketones tsis tuaj yeem raug oxidation tshwj tsis yog tias peb rhuav tshem nws cov pa roj carbon monoxide. Cov hauv qab no infographic ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm aldehyde thiab ketone nthuav qhia kev sib piv kom ntxaws.
Summary – Aldehyde vs Ketone
Ob leeg aldehydes thiab ketones yog cov organic tebchaw. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm aldehyde thiab ketone yog tias pawg ua haujlwm ntawm ib qho aldehyde tshwm sim ib txwm nyob rau ntawm lub davhlau ya nyob twg whereas pawg ua haujlwm ntawm ketone ib txwm tshwm sim hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov molecule.
