Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm actinides thiab lanthanides yog tias cov actinides sau cov electrons mus rau 5f sub-orbitals, whereas lanthanides sau electrons mus txog 4f sub-orbitals.
Lanthanides thiab actinides tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ob kab sib cais nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm. Yog li ntawd, ob qho tib si nyob rau ntawm f block. Nws yog vim lawv muaj lawv cov hluav taws xob sab nraud hauv f orbitals. Yog li ntawd, peb tuaj yeem muab lawv lub npe raws li cov khoom thaiv.
Actinides yog dab tsi?
Actinides yog ib pawg ntawm cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub rooj sib tham nrog cov lej atomic xws li 90 txog 103. Raws li, muaj 14 hlau ntsiab lus suav nrog cov hauv qab no:
- thorium Th (Z=90)
- protactinium Pa (91)
- uranium U (92)
- neptunium Np (93)
- plutonium Pu (94)
- Americium Am (95)
- curium Cm (96)
- berkelium Bk (97)
- californium Cf (98)
- einsteinium Es (99)
- fermium Fm (100)
- mendelevium Md (101)
- ib unit Ї 102
- lawrencium Lr (103).
Peb npe lawv ua f thaiv cov ntsiab lus; vim lawv qhov kawg electrons nyob rau hauv f sub-orbital. Tag nrho cov actinides tsis ruaj khov; yog li ntawd, txhua yam yog radioactive. Vim lawv yog cov hlau, lawv yog cov electropositive heev. Ntxiv mus, lawv yog cov hlau ntom ntom, thiab muaj ntau cov allotropes tam sim no. Cov hlau no yooj yim tarnish hauv huab cua thiab hnov mob nrog dej npau lossis dilute acid tso hydrogen gas.
Daim duab 01: Actinide Qhov Chaw nyob hauv Lub Sij Hawm Lub Sijhawm
Zoo li lwm yam hlau, lawv tuaj yeem tsim cov tebchaw nrog cov khoom tsis yog hlau. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb tuaj yeem pom cov actinides hauv ib puag ncig ntuj, txawm tias qee qhov tsawg heev. Piv txwv li, uranium thiab thorium yog tam sim no raws li deposits, nyob rau hauv Canada. Vim lawv cov xov tooj cua, feem ntau ntawm cov actinides muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev tsim hluav taws xob nuclear. Peb tuaj yeem tsim cov ntsiab lus actinide synthetically siv lawv rau ntau lub hom phiaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev siv tshuaj, kev txheeb xyuas cov ntxhia, neutron radiography, thiab lwm yam.
Lanthanides yog dab tsi?
Lanthanides muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm atomic tooj 57 txog 71. Muaj 15 yam hlau. Cov ntsiab lus no suav nrog cov hauv qab no:
- lanthanum La (57)
- cerium Ce (58)
- Praseodymium Pr (59)
- neodymium Nd (60)
- promethium Pm (61)
- samarium Sm (62)
- Europium Eu (63)
- Gadolinium Gd (64)
- Terbium Tb (65)
- dysprosium Dy (66)
- Holmium Ho (67)
- yttrium Er (68)
- thulium Tm (69)
- yterbium Yb (70)
- Lutetium Lu (71).
Cov no muaj nyob rau ntawm f block hauv lub sijhawm teem sijhawm; Yog li zaum kawg electrons sau rau hauv 4f sub-orbital. Nyob ntawd, lwm cov sub-orbitals npog lub 4f orbitals, thiab chemistry ntawm lanthanides txawv vim qhov loj ntawm lub atom. Lawv qhia +3 oxidation xeev. Tsis tas li ntawd, los ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis ntawm ib kab nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub sij hawm, qhov loj ntawm +3 lanthanide ions txo, thiab peb hu qhov no raws li lanthanide contraction.
Daim duab 02: Qhov chaw ntawm Lanthanides nyob rau hauv Lub Sijhawm Sijhawm
Ntxiv mus, lanthanides yog cov xim nyiaj xim hlau, uas ua rau cov pa oxygen hauv huab cua los tsim lawv cov oxides. Cov no yog cov reactive heev, kuj mos hlau nrog siab melting ntsiab lus thiab boiling ntsiab lus. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tau yooj yim tsim cov ionic compounds nrog nonmetals. Thaum reacting nrog dilute acid los yog dej lanthanides tsim hydrogen gas.
Ntxiv rau qhov ntawd, cov ntsiab lus no muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis sib xws (tshwj tsis yog lutetium), uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau lawv cov khoom sib nqus. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb muab lawv lub npe raws li cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb vim qhov tsis tshua muaj nplua nuj nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb. Txawm hais tias lawv tsis tshua muaj, muaj ntau ntawm kev siv los ntawm cov ntsiab lus no. Li no, lawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo li catalysts hauv iav ntau lawm, roj av, thiab lwm yam. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv cov hlau nplaum, phosphors, teeb, superconductors, optoelectronic daim ntaub ntawv, thiab lwm yam.
Qhov txawv ntawm Actinides thiab Lanthanides yog dab tsi?
Actinides yog ib txheej ntawm cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm nrog cov lej atomic xws li 90 mus rau 103 thaum lanthanides yog ib pawg ntawm cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm nrog atomic tooj 57 txog 71. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm actinides thiab lanthanides yog tias cov actinides sau electrons rau 5f sub-orbitals, whereas lub lanthanides sau electrons mus txog 4f sub-orbitals. Ntxiv mus, tag nrho cov actinides yog radioactive, tab sis lanthanides tsis yog (tshwj tsis yog promethium). Raws li lwm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov actinides thiab lanthanides, peb tuaj yeem hais tias lanthanides qhia qhov siab tshaj plaws oxidation xeev +4 thaum cov actinides qhia +3, +4, +5, +6 thiab +7 oxidation xeev.
Hauv qab infographic nthuav tawm cov ntsiab lus sib piv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm actinides thiab lanthanides.
Summary – Actinides vs Lanthanides
Actinides yog ib txheej ntawm cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm nrog cov zauv atomic xws li 90 mus rau 103 thaum lanthanides yog ib pawg ntawm cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm nrog atomic tooj 57 txog 71. Yog li ntawd, lawv qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb muaj nyob hauv lawv. electron configuration. Li no, qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm actinides thiab lanthanides yog tias actinides sau electrons rau 5f sub-orbitals, whereas lanthanides sau electrons mus txog 4f sub-orbitals.
