Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm carbonyl thiab ketone yog tias txhua pawg carbonyl muaj cov pa roj carbon atom nrog ob chav sib txuas oxygen atom hos ketones muaj pawg carbonyl txuas rau ob pawg alkyl.
Carbonyl pawg yog ib pab pawg ua haujlwm hauv cov organic chemistry nrog ntau hom kev ua haujlwm. Ob hom carbonyls peb paub yog ketone thiab aldehydes.
YCarbonyl yog dab tsi?
Carbonyl pawg yog ib pab pawg ua haujlwm nrog ob chav sib txuas oxygen rau cov pa roj carbon. Aldehydes thiab ketones yog cov organic molecules nrog pab pawg no. Cov pab pawg carbonyl hauv ib qho aldehyde ib txwm tau txais tus lej ib hauv lub npe, vim tias nws tshwm sim thaum kawg ntawm cov saw hlau. Txawm li cas los xij, pawg carbonyl ntawm ketone ib txwm nyob hauv nruab nrab.
Nature
Raws li hom carbonyl compound, nomenclature txawv. "al" yog lub ntsiab lus uas peb siv rau lub npe aldehydes whereas "ib" yog lub ntsiab lus rau ketones. Ntxiv mus, cov pa roj carbon atom nyob ib sab ntawm cov carbonyl carbon yog α carbon, uas muaj qhov tseem ceeb reactivity vim yog cov carbonyl nyob ib sab.
Tsis tas li ntawd, cov pa roj carbon atom hauv pawg carbonyl yog sp2 hybridized. Yog li ntawd, aldehydes thiab ketones muaj ib tug trigonal kev npaj nyob ib ncig ntawm lub carbonyl carbon atom. Nws yog ib pawg polar (electronegativity ntawm oxygen yog loj dua carbon; yog li ntawd, carbonyl pawg muaj ib tug loj dipole lub sij hawm); Yog li, aldehydes thiab ketones muaj cov ntsiab lus kub siab dua piv rau cov hydrocarbons uas muaj qhov hnyav tib yam.
Txawm li cas los xij, cov no tsis tuaj yeem ua kom muaj zog hydrogen bonds zoo li cawv uas ua rau qis qis dua li cov cawv sib xws. Tsis tas li ntawd, vim muaj peev xwm tsim cov hydrogen bonds, qhov hnyav molecular aldehydes thiab ketones yog soluble hauv dej. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum qhov hnyav molecular nce, lawv ua hydrophobic. Tsis tas li ntawd, carbonyl carbon atom muaj ib feem zoo nqi; Yog li ntawd, nws tuaj yeem ua raws li electrophile. Yog li ntawd, cov molecules yooj yim tau txais kev hloov pauv nucleophilic.
Daim duab 01: Cov qauv ntawm Carbonyl Group
Cov hydrogens txuas nrog cov pa roj carbon; ib sab ntawm pawg carbonyl muaj cov kua qaub, uas suav nrog ntau yam kev cuam tshuam ntawm aldehydes thiab ketones. Cov tshuaj uas muaj cov pa roj carbonyl pawg tau tshwm sim hauv qhov xwm txheej. Cinnamaldehyde (nyob rau hauv cinnamon bark), vanillin (hauv vanilla taum), camphor (camphor ntoo), thiab cortisone (adrenal hormone) yog ib co ntawm cov natural compounds nrog ib pab pawg neeg carbonyl.
Ketone yog dab tsi?
Hauv ketones, pawg carbonyl nyob nruab nrab ntawm ob lub atoms. Cov mis mos ntawm ketone yog raws li hauv qab no;
Daim duab 02: Cov qauv ntawm Ketone
"Ib" yog cov lus txuas ntxiv siv hauv ketone nomenclature. Es tsis txhob -e ntawm qhov sib thooj alkane peb siv "ib". Ntxiv mus, peb tuaj yeem suav cov aliphatic saw nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev uas muab cov carbonyl carbon rau tus lej qis tshaj plaws. Piv txwv li, peb lub npe CH3COCH2CH2CH3as 2-pentanone.
Tsis tas li ntawd, peb tuaj yeem tsim ketones los ntawm oxidation ntawm cov cawv thib ob, los ntawm ozonolysis ntawm alkenes, thiab lwm yam. Ketones muaj peev xwm ua rau keto-enol tautomerism. Thiab, cov txheej txheem no tshwm sim thaum lub hauv paus muaj zog siv α-hydrogen (hydrogen txuas nrog cov pa roj carbon, uas nyob ib sab ntawm pawg carbonyl). Lub peev xwm tso tawm α-hydrogen ua rau ketones acidic dua li cov alkanes.
Qhov txawv ntawm Carbonyl thiab Ketone yog dab tsi?
Carbonyl pawg yog ib pawg ua haujlwm hauv cov organic tebchaw uas cov pa roj carbon atom muaj ob chav sib txuas oxygen atom, tab sis ketone yog cov organic compound uas carbonyl pawg txuas nrog ob pawg alkyl. Yog li ntawd, qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm carbonyl thiab ketone yog tias txhua pawg carbonyl muaj cov pa roj carbon atom nrog ob chav sib txuas oxygen atom hos cov ketones muaj pawg carbonyl txuas nrog ob pawg alkyl. Peb tuaj yeem pom cov pawg carbonyl li-(C=O)- thaum lub ketone li R'-C(=O)-R.
Ntxiv mus, pawg carbonyl nyob rau hauv ketone ib txwm nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov saw hlau whereas pawg carbonyl nyob rau hauv ib qho aldehyde tuaj yeem nyob rau hauv qhov kawg ntawm ib qho molecule. Yog li ntawd, lwm qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm carbonyl thiab ketone yog tias pawg carbonyl tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov molecule lossis thaum kawg ntawm cov molecule thaum cov pawg carbonyl ntawm ketone ib txwm tshwm sim ntawm nruab nrab ntawm cov molecule.
Cov duab hauv qab no ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm carbonyl thiab ketone muab cov ntaub ntawv ntau ntxiv txog qhov sib txawv no.
Summary – Carbonyl vs Ketone
Ketones yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov organic molecules nrog cov pab pawg ua haujlwm carbonyl. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm carbonyl thiab ketone yog tias txhua pawg carbonyl muaj cov pa roj carbon atom nrog ob chav sib txuas nrog oxygen atom whereas ketones muaj pawg carbonyl txuas rau ob pawg alkyl.
