Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov kuab tshuaj thiab cov kuab tshuaj yog cov kuab tshuaj yog qhov yuav tsum tau yaj thaum lub sijhawm, cov kuab tshuaj yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev so.
Ib tshuaj yog ib homogeneous sib tov ntawm ob los yog ntau yam tshuaj. Peb lub npe nws homogenous sib tov vim hais tias muaj pes tsawg leeg yog uniform thoob plaws hauv cov tshuaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev daws yog feem ntau ntawm ob hom, cov kuab tshuaj thiab cov kuab tshuaj. Cov kuab tshuaj dissolves lub solutes thiab tsim ib tug uniform tov. Yog li, feem ntau cov kuab tshuaj ntau dua li cov kuab tshuaj.
Dab tsi yog Solvent?
Solvent yog ib yam khoom uas muaj peev xwm yaj. Yog li, nws tuaj yeem yaj lwm yam khoom. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kuab tshuaj tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv cov kua, gaseous lossis cov khoom hauv lub xeev. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau, peb siv kua ua kuab tshuaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntawm cov kua dej, dej yog ib qho ua kuab tshuaj thoob ntiaj teb, vim tias nws tuaj yeem yaj ntau yam ntau dua li lwm cov kuab tshuaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb tuaj yeem yaj cov roj, khoom, lossis lwm yam kua dej hauv cov kua ua kua. Tab sis, nyob rau hauv cov kuab tshuaj roj, tsuas yog cov kua roj yuav yaj.
Daim duab 01: Acetic Acid yog qhov tseem ceeb ua cov kuab tshuaj Organic
Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj qhov txwv rau cov kuab tshuaj uas peb tuaj yeem ntxiv rau qee qhov hnyav. Peb hais tias cov tshuaj tau dhau los ua saturated yog tias peb tau ntxiv qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov kuab tshuaj rau cov kuab tshuaj. Muaj cov kuab tshuaj nyob rau hauv ob hom ua organic lossis inorganic solvents. Piv txwv li, ether, hexane, thiab methylene chloride yog cov kuab tshuaj organic, hos dej yog cov kuab tshuaj inorganic.
Polar thiab Non-Polar Solvents
Muaj ob pawg loj ntawm cov kuab tshuaj raws li cov kuab tshuaj polar thiab cov kuab tshuaj tsis yog polar.
Polar solvent molecules muaj cov nqi sib cais, yog li ntawd, muaj peev xwm ua kom yaj polar solutes. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem dissolution, dipole-dipole kev sib cuam tshuam los yog dipole-induced dipole kev sib cuam tshuam yuav tshwm sim. Peb tuaj yeem faib cov kuab tshuaj polar ntxiv raws li polar protic thiab polar aprotic solvents. Polar protic kuab tshuaj muaj peev xwm ntawm hydrogen daim ntawv cog lus nrog cov kuab tshuaj. Yog li ntawd, lawv daws anions los ntawm hydrogen bonding. Dej thiab methanol yog polar protic solvents. Polar aprotic solvents tsis tuaj yeem tsim hydrogen bonds. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv muaj lub sijhawm loj dipole, yog li tsim kev sib cuam tshuam dipole-dipole nrog ionic solutes, yog li ntawd, daws lawv. Acetone yog polar aprotic hnyav.
Non polar solvents dissolves non polar solutes. Hexane, benzene, thiab toluene yog qee yam uas tsis yog-polar solvents.
Lwm yam tshaj li cov kuab tshuaj saum toj no, muaj qee cov kuab tshuaj, uas muaj cov khoom nruab nrab ntawm cov polar thiab cov khoom tsis yog polar. Raws li "zoo li yaj zoo li" tshwm sim, cov kuab tshuaj yaj cov kuab tshuaj, uas phim lawv.
Properties
Cov khoom ntawm cov kuab tshuaj yog qhov tseem ceeb kom paub thaum peb siv lawv hauv chav kuaj. Piv txwv li, kev paub txog cov ntsiab lus kub ntawm cov kuab tshuaj pab peb txiav txim siab siv txoj kev distillation cais lawv li cas. Xwb, qhov ceev ntawm cov kuab tshuaj yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem tshem tawm cov kuab tshuaj. Volatility, toxicity, thiab flammability yog ib co ntawm lwm yam tsis, uas peb yuav tsum tsom mus rau thaum peb ua hauj lwm nrog txawv solvents.
Dab tsi yog Solute?
Solute yog ib yam khoom uas yaj hauv cov kuab tshuaj kom tsim tau cov tshuaj. Solutes yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov kua, gaseous los yog khoom theem. Feem ntau, nyob rau hauv ib qho kev daws, cov kuab tshuaj yog nyob rau hauv tus nqi tsawg dua li cov kuab tshuaj.
Daim duab 02: Cov dej ntsev muaj ntsev ua cov kua qaub
Thaum ib qho tshuaj muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov kuab tshuaj nws tuaj yeem yaj, ces peb hais tias cov tshuaj tau saturated. Kev sib cais ntawm cov kuab tshuaj hauv cov kuab tshuaj hloov cov khoom ntawm cov kuab tshuaj.
Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm cov kuab tshuaj thiab cov kuab tshuaj?
Solvent yog ib yam khoom uas muaj peev xwm ua kom yaj, yog li tuaj yeem yaj lwm yam khoom thaum cov kuab tshuaj yog ib yam khoom uas yaj hauv cov kuab tshuaj kom tsim tau cov tshuaj. Qhov no yog qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov kuab tshuaj thiab cov kuab tshuaj. Ntxiv mus, muaj qee qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kuab tshuaj thiab cov kuab tshuaj nyob rau hauv lawv lub cev lub cev, solubility thiab boiling ntsiab lus. Piv txwv li, xav txog lub boiling point, lub boiling point ntawm ib tug solute feem ntau yog siab tshaj qhov hnyav.
Cov hauv qab no qhia cov ntsiab lus ntxiv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kuab tshuaj thiab cov kuab tshuaj.
Summary – Solvent vs Solute
Solutes yog cov khoom uas yaj hauv cov kuab tshuaj los tsim cov tshuaj. Yog li ntawd, qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kuab tshuaj thiab cov kuab tshuaj yog cov kuab tshuaj yog ib qho yuav tsum tau yaj, thiab cov kuab tshuaj yog lub luag haujlwm rau dissolving nws.
