Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm sp sp2 thiab sp3 yog tias sp hybrid orbitals muaj 50% s orbital yam ntxwv thiab sp2 hybrid orbitals muaj 33% tus yam ntxwv orbital whereas sp3 hybrid orbitals muaj 25 %s orbital yam ntxwv.
Cov ntsiab lus sp, sp2 thiab sp3, xa mus rau sib txawv hybridizations ntawm orbitals uas ua rau tsim hybrid orbitals. Orbitals yog thaj chaw hypothetical nyob ib ncig ntawm lub nucleus ntawm lub atom, uas muaj cov electrons ntawm lub atom. Cov orbitals no tuaj yeem raug hybridization thiaj li tsim cov hybrid orbitals tshiab uas tuaj yeem tsim covalent tshuaj bonds. Muaj ntau ntau hom hybridizations raws li atomic orbitals uas koom nrog cov txheej txheem hybridization. Sp, sp2 thiab sp3 yog ib co hybridizations uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub s thiab p orbitals ntawm ib tug atom.
sp yog dab tsi?
Sp hybridization yog daim ntawv yooj yim tshaj plaws ntawm hybridization nyob rau hauv uas ib qho s orbital overlaps nrog p orbital los tsim ob sp orbitals tshiab. Lub plhaub electron muaj peb lub orbitals. Nyob rau hauv no hybridization, ib qho ntawm peb p orbitals sib tov nrog ib tug orbital ntawm tib lub atom. Yog li ntawd, muaj ob yam uas tsis yog-hybridized p orbitals seem nyob rau hauv cov atoms.
Daim duab 01: Spatial Arrangement ntawm sp Hybrid Orbitals
Qhov piv ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm ob lub atomic orbitals yog 1: 1 (s: p). Li no tus tshiab hybrid orbital muaj 50% ntawm s orbital yam ntxwv thiab 50% ntawm p orbital yam ntxwv. Qhov kev sib xyaw ntawm s thiab p atomic orbitals tsim ob lub hybrid orbitals tshiab. Ob lub orbitals no npaj nyob rau hauv ib tug linear spatial kev npaj; directing txhua atomic orbital rau qhov opposite directions. Qhov kev teeb tsa no ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tsawg kawg ntawm ob lub orbitals. Li no, lub kaum sab xis yuav yog 180◦.
sp2 yog dab tsi?
Sp2 hybridization yog ib daim ntawv ntawm orbital hybridization nyob rau hauv uas ib tug s orbital overlaps nrog ob p orbitals los tsim peb hybrid orbitals tshiab. Txij li thaum muaj peb p atomic orbitals nyob rau hauv ib lub atom, qhov no hybridization tawm ib un-hybridized p orbital. Tsis zoo li hauv sp hybridization, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no ntawm hybridization, tus yam ntxwv ntawm txhua sp2 hybrid orbital yog 33% tam sim no thaum lub p orbital yam ntxwv yog 66%.
Daim duab 02: Spatial Arrangement ntawm sp2 Orbitals
Txawm li cas los xij, cov no tsuas yog kwv yees qhov tseem ceeb vim tias qhov piv ntawm peb lub atomic orbitals koom nrog hauv qhov kev sib xyaw no yog s:p=1: 2.
Tom qab ntawd tus yam ntxwv sib npaug 100/3=33.33%
Thiab tus yam ntxwv p sib npaug (100/3) x 2=66.66%
Cov peb lub hybrid tshiab no tau txais qhov kev npaj ntawm trigonal spatial kev npaj kom txo qis qhov sib txawv ntawm cov orbitals. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub kaum sab xis ntawm cov orbitals yog 120◦.
sp3 yog dab tsi?
Sp3 hybridization yog ib daim ntawv ntawm orbital hybridization nyob rau hauv uas ib lub orbital overlaps nrog peb p orbitals. Yog li ntawd, tsis muaj ib qho uas tsis yog-hybridized p orbitals txij li tag nrho cov p orbitals koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem hybridization.
Daim duab 03: Spatial Arrangement ntawm sp3 Hybrid Orbitals
Vim li no, qhov no tshwm sim hauv 4 qhov kev sib txuas tshiab. Txij li qhov piv ntawm s thiab p orbitals yog 1: 3, s tus yam ntxwv ntawm txhua tus hybrid orbital yog 25% thaum lub p orbital yam ntxwv yog 75%. Cov tshiab hybrid orbitals npaj nyob rau hauv ib tug tetrahedral kev npaj nrog 109.5◦ daim ntawv cog lus kaum.
Qhov txawv ntawm sp sp2 thiab sp3 yog dab tsi?
Sp hybridization yog daim ntawv yooj yim tshaj plaws ntawm hybridization nyob rau hauv uas ib qho s orbital overlaps nrog p orbital los tsim ob lub sp orbitals tshiab, thiab Sp2 hybridization yog ib daim ntawv ntawm orbital hybridization uas ib lub orbital overlaps nrog ob p orbitals rau daim ntawv peb tshiab hybrid orbitals whereas Sp3 hybridization yog ib daim ntawv ntawm orbital hybridization nyob rau hauv uas ib tug s orbital overlaps nrog peb p orbitals. Qhov no yog qhov sib txawv ntawm sp sp2 thiab sp3 hybrid orbitals. Ntxiv mus, txhua tus tshiab hybrid orbitals uas tsim nyob rau hauv peb hom ntawm hybridizations muaj txawv s orbital yam ntxwv vim hais tias cov s orbitals sib xyaw nrog ntau tus naj npawb ntawm p orbitals. Yog li ntawd lawv muaj cov yam ntxwv sib txawv p orbital ib yam nkaus.
Txawm li cas los xij, peb tuaj yeem hais txog qhov sib txawv loj ntawm sp sp2 thiab sp3 hybridization raws li tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov hybrid orbitals; sp hybrid orbitals muaj 50% cov yam ntxwv orbital, thiab sp2 hybrid orbitals muaj 33% cov yam ntxwv orbital whereas sp3 hybrid orbitals muaj 25% cov yam ntxwv orbital. Tsis tas li ntawd, txhua hybridization tawm ntau tus lej ntawm un-hybridized orbitals. Piv txwv li, sp hybridization tsuas muaj 1 p atomic orbitals xwb. Yog li, nws tawm ob qhov tsis sib xws p atomic orbitals.
Cov duab hauv qab no qhia cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm sp sp2 thiab sp3 hybridization.
Summary – sp sp2 vs sp3
Hybridization yog txheej txheem uas atomic orbitals sib xyaw ua ke los tsim cov hybrid orbitals tshiab uas tuaj yeem nkag mus rau covalent tshuaj sib txuas. Cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim tshaj plaws ntawm atomic orbital hybridizations yog sp, sp2 thiab sp3 hybridizations. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm sp sp2 thiab sp3 yog tias sp hybrid orbitals muaj 50% s orbital yam ntxwv thiab sp2 hybrid orbitals muaj 33% s orbital yam ntxwv whereas sp3 hybrid orbitals muaj 25% orbital yam ntxwv.
