YGene vs Protein
Txawm tias Gene thiab Protein muaj kev sib raug zoo, muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm thiab lub cev. Gene thiab Protein yog ob qho tib si biomaterials hauv lub cev. Cov noob muaj nuj nqi yog qhia nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov protein. Qhov no ua rau qhov sib txuas ntawm cov noob thiab cov proteins. Ob lub noob thiab cov protein yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv lub neej thiab pab tsim kev sib raug zoo ntawm genotype thiab phenotype hauv cov noob caj noob ces. Qhov kev sib raug zoo molecular no tau piav qhia los ntawm ib-gene / ib-polypeptide hypothesis. Francis Crick yog thawj tus neeg piav qhia txog cov ntaub ntawv ntws hauv hlwb, uas ua rau hloov pauv ntawm genotype rau phenotype. Cov ntaub ntawv qhia ib leeg ntws hauv cov hlwb yog raws li hauv qab no.
YDNA (gene) → RNA → protein
Cov kauj ruam DNA-rau-RNA hu ua kev hloov pauv, thaum RNA-rau-protein hu ua kev txhais lus. Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm tsab xov xwm no yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov noob thiab cov protein, thaum lub luag haujlwm thiab lub cev ntawm cov noob thiab cov protein yuav raug txiav txim siab.
Gene yog dab tsi?
Ib noob yog suav tias yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv caj ces. Nws yog nyob rau ntawm ib tug chromosome ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb genetic locus. Cov ntaub ntawv caj ces nyob rau hauv qhov chaw tshwj xeeb feem ntau yog hloov mus rau hauv ib qho RNA molecule, uas thaum kawg yog coded rau ib qho protein. Cov noob no yog hu ua protein-coding genes. Tsis yog txhua tus RNA uas tau sau los ntawm cov noob tau muab txhais ua cov protein. Cov noob no yog hu ua non-coding genes. Txoj kev kawm ntawm noob caj noob ces yog hu ua genetics. Hauv eukaryotes, chromosome khub yog teem ua homologous khub. Cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv ntawm tib lub noob nyob ntawm tib txoj haujlwm lossis qhov chaw hu ua alleles. Eukaryotic noob muaj ntau dua li cov noob prokaryotic thiab muaj cov kab mob sib kis hu ua introns. Lwm qhov kev tswj hwm pom nyob hauv cov noob hu ua exons, uas ua rau mRNA. Hauv tib neeg, qhov tsawg tshaj plaws protein-encoding noob muaj txog 500 nucleotides uas tsis muaj introns thiab encodes ib histone protein. Qhov loj tshaj plaws protein-encoding noob hauv tib neeg muaj txog 2.5 lab nucleotides thiab encodes cov protein hu ua dystrophin.
Cov kab mob DNA hloov mus rau mRNA thiab tom qab ntawd txhais ua cov protein
YProtein yog dab tsi?
Proteins yog ntau hom kab mob lom macromolecules nrog ntau lub zog, suav nrog enzyme catalysis, tiv thaiv, thauj, kev txhawb nqa, kev txav chaw, kev tswj hwm, thiab khaws cia. Protein qauv yog txiav txim los ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb gene nyob rau hauv lub cev. Lub luag haujlwm thiab cov qauv ntawm cov proteins yog cov amino acid. Raws li lub npe implies, amino acid muaj ib pawg amino (-NH 2) thiab ib pawg acidic carboxyl (-COOH). Muaj 20 qhov sib txawv ntawm cov amino acids sib txawv hauv cov kab ke sib txawv los ntawm peptide bonds, los tsim tag nrho cov proteins hauv lub cev. Cov saw hlau ntawm cov amino acids txuas nrog peptide bonds hu ua polypeptide.
Cov qauv lossis cov qauv ntawm cov protein txiav txim siab nws txoj haujlwm. Cov amino acid sequence yog txiav txim los ntawm cov protein cov qauv tseem ceeb. Lub xub ntiag ntawm ntau pawg peptide hauv cov protein tuaj yeem ua rau tsim cov hydrogen bonds ntawm cov amino acids nyob ze. Qhov no tuaj yeem hloov cov qauv thiab txiav txim siab tus qauv thib ob ntawm cov protein. Cov qauv tertiary; zaum kawg 3-D duab ntawm cov protein txiav txim siab los ntawm cov quav thiab kev sib txuas hauv cov protein. Quaternary qauv ntawm cov protein pom tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov protein nrog ntau polypeptides.
Qhov txawv ntawm Gene thiab Protein yog dab tsi?
• Cov noob muaj nuj nqi yog qhia los ntawm cov protein (gene txiav txim siab cov qauv tseem ceeb ntawm cov protein tshwj xeeb hauv lub cev).
• noob yog tsim los ntawm DNA, whereas protein yog tsim los ntawm cov amino acids.
• Genes nqa cov genotype, whereas proteins express the phenotypes.
• Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov noob yog nqa cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, thaum lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov protein muaj xws li enzyme catalysis, tiv thaiv, thauj, txhawb nqa, txav, kev tswj hwm, thiab khaws cia.
