Allopatric vs Sympatric Speciation
Lub ntiaj teb yog qhov chaw hloov pauv mus tas li, thiab nws xav kom cov tsiaj hloov mus rau cov xwm txheej tshiab txhua hnub. Cov tsiaj uas muaj sia nyob yuav tsum tau ua qhov kev sib tw los ntawm kev hloov pauv los ntawm kev hloov pauv cov noob caj noob ces thiaj li muaj sia nyob. Thaum cov genetic compositions hloov, hom tshiab yog tsim, uas yog hu ua speciation. Raws li nyob rau hauv ib lo lus hais los ntawm Roman kws sau paj lug Horace "dulce et decorum est pro patria mori" uas txhais tau hais tias muaj zog thiab tsim nyog cov neeg tuag rau lawv lub teb chaws, uas yog piav ntxiv raws li lawv es nyob dua tuag. Txawm li cas los xij, kev sib raug zoo ntawm allopatric rau sympatric speciation rau Horace cov lus hais yog nthuav. Lo lus "patria" tau siv los piav txog lub tebchaws, thiab nws muab cov lus xaus los ua cov lus "allopatric" thiab "sympatric." Qhov ntawd pom tias cov ntsiab lus no cuam tshuam nrog qee qhov kev nkag siab ntawm thaj chaw.
Dab tsi yog Allopatric Speciation?
Allopatric speciation tseem hu ua thaj chaw speciation uas ib hom ua ob vim yog kev tsim ntawm thaj chaw teeb meem xws li kev sib cais av, kev tsim roob, lossis kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw. Thaum tsim ib qho kev thaiv thaj chaw, kev sib cais ntawm ib feem ntawm ib qho ntawm cov pejxeem tshwm sim. Tom qab ntawd, tej zaum yuav muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm ib puag ncig thiab ecological tej yam kev mob uas ob feem yuav tsum tau ntsib, thiab kev hloov caj ces yuav tshwm sim. Nrog rau lub sijhawm, cov kev hloov kho caj ces yuav ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv tsim nyog los tsim ib hom tshiab los ntawm qhov qub. Cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem ua kom nrawm dua thaum kev hloov pauv tshwm sim vim muaj kev sib cais ntawm thaj chaw. Kev hloov hluav taws xob hloov pauv yog ib qho ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm allopatric speciation, qhov twg ib hom tau hloov mus rau qhov sib txawv ntawm ib puag ncig xav tau hauv ntau qhov chaw. Txawm li cas los xij, kev sib cais ntawm cov pej xeem tuaj yeem raug txheeb xyuas tias yog ib qho ntawm cov laj thawj rau thaj chaw cais ntawm cov tsiaj uas ua rau tsim hom tshiab los ntawm allopatric speciation.
Sympatric Speciation yog dab tsi?
Sympatric speciation yog qhov tsim ntawm hom tshiab uas qhov kev hloov pauv caj ces tau ua raws li ib tus poj koob yawm txwv. Raws li lo lus sympatric implies, thaj chaw thaj chaw yog tib yam rau ob hom tshiab thiab qub. Genetic polymorphism, uas txhais tau hais tias cov neeg ua haujlwm ruaj khov thiab ruaj khov, yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau xav txog hauv kev nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem ntawm sympatric speciation. Cov neeg sib txawv ntawm caj ces nrog cov tib neeg uas ib txwm xaiv los ntawm kev nyiam sib deev tau raug cais tawm thiab tsim ib pab pawg tshiab hauv ib hom. Cov pab pawg no yuav muaj cov noob caj noob ces sib txawv, uas yuav muaj qhov sib txawv txaus los ua pov thawj tias lawv nyob hauv hom tshiab. Ib qho ntawm cov kev xav uas muaj kev hwm tshaj plaws los piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib raug zoo yog qhov Kev Xaiv Tsis Txaus Siab uas tau hais los ntawm John Maynard Smith hauv xyoo 1966. Raws li tus qauv, homozygous cov tib neeg muaj kev nyiam ntau dua li cov neeg heterozygous, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhov tsis tiav dominance muaj qhov cuam tshuam. Qhov ntawd ua rau ib hom kev hloov mus rau ob pawg tseem muaj sia nyob nrog ib pab pawg muaj homozygous dominant genotype thiab lwm yam nrog homozygous recessive, tab sis cov heterozygous tau tshem tawm. Ob pawg homozygous yuav tsim ob hom sib cais nrog lub sijhawm.
Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm Allopatric Speciation thiab Sympatric Speciation?
• Allopatric speciation tshwm sim hauv thaj chaw sib txawv tab sis tsis yog qhov sib txawv.
• Allopatric yog cov txheej txheem ntau tshaj plaws ntawm kev tsim hom tshiab piv rau sympatric mechanism.
• Geographical cais lossis sib txawv yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv allopatric speciation, tab sis lub zog tsav rau kev tsim cov hom tshiab hauv sympatric speciation yog cov caj ces lossis kev sib deev.
