Bronsted Lowry vs Arrhenius
Acids thiab hauv paus yog ob lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv chemistry. Lawv muaj contradictory khoom. Peb ib txwm txheeb xyuas cov kua qaub ua tus pub dawb proton. Acids muaj qaub saj. Txiv qaub kua txiv, vinegar yog ob tug acids peb tuaj nyob rau hauv peb lub tsev. Lawv hnov mob nrog cov hauv paus ua dej, thiab lawv kuj ua rau cov hlau ua H2; yog li, nce hlau corrosion tus nqi. Cov kua qaub tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob, raws li lawv lub peev xwm los sib cais thiab tsim cov protons. Cov kua qaub muaj zog zoo li HCl, HNO 3 yog ionized tag nrho hauv cov tshuaj kom muab cov protons. Cov acids tsis muaj zog xws li CH3COOH yog ib feem dissociates thiab muab tsawg dua ntawm cov protons. Ka yog cov kua qaub dissociation tas mus li. Nws muab ib qho kev qhia txog lub peev xwm los poob ib tug proton ntawm ib tug qaug zog acid. Txhawm rau xyuas seb cov khoom puas yog cov kua qaub lossis tsis yog, peb tuaj yeem siv ntau qhov ntsuas xws li litmus ntawv lossis pH ntawv. Hauv pH nplai, los ntawm 1-6 acids yog sawv cev. Cov kua qaub nrog pH 1 tau hais tias muaj zog heev thiab, raws li tus nqi pH nce, acidity poob qis. Ntxiv mus, acids tig xiav litmus rau liab.
Bases muaj cov xab npum nplawm zoo li kev xav thiab iab saj. Lawv hnov mob yooj yim nrog cov kua qaub ua dej thiab ntsev molecules. Caustic soda, ammonia, thiab ci dej qab zib yog qee yam ntawm cov hauv paus uas peb tuaj hla ntau zaus. Cov hauv paus tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob, raws li lawv lub peev xwm los cuam tshuam thiab tsim cov hydroxide ions. Lub hauv paus muaj zog zoo li NaOH thiab KOH yog tag nrho ionized hauv kev daws teeb meem los muab ions. Cov hauv paus tsis muaj zog xws li NH3 yog ib feem ntawm kev sib cais thiab muab cov hydroxide ions tsawg dua. Kb is the base dissociation constant. Nws muab ib qho kev qhia txog lub peev xwm poob hydroxide ions ntawm lub hauv paus tsis muaj zog. Cov kua qaub uas muaj pKa tus nqi (ntau tshaj 13) yog cov acids tsis muaj zog, tab sis lawv cov conjugate bases suav tias yog cov hauv paus muaj zog. Txhawm rau xyuas seb cov khoom puas yog lub hauv paus lossis tsis yog peb tuaj yeem siv ntau qhov ntsuas xws li litmus ntawv lossis pH ntawv. Bases qhia pH tus nqi siab dua 7, thiab nws hloov liab litmus rau xiav.
Lwm yam tshaj li cov yam ntxwv saum toj no peb tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas cov kua qaub thiab cov hauv paus raws li qee qhov nta. Cov kua qaub thiab cov hauv paus tau txhais ntau txoj hauv kev los ntawm ntau tus kws tshawb fawb xws li Bronsted, Lewis thiab Arrhenius.
Bronsted Lowry
Bronsted txhais lub hauv paus ua ib yam khoom uas tuaj yeem txais cov proton thiab cov kua qaub ua cov khoom uas tuaj yeem muab cov proton. Bronsted tau muab qhov kev xav no rau xyoo 1923. Tib lub sijhawm, Thomas Lowry tau nthuav tawm tib txoj kev xav. Yog li ntawd, qhov kev txhais no yog hu ua Bronsted-Lowry definition.
Arrhenius
Svante Arrhenius, tus kws tshawb fawb Swedish, tau tawm tswv yim nws txoj kev xav ntawm cov kua qaub thiab cov hauv paus hauv xyoo 1800s. Raws li Arrhenius txhais, ib qho chaw yuav tsum muaj hydroxide anion thiab muaj peev xwm pub dawb los ua hydroxide ion los ua lub hauv paus. Thiab ib tug compound yuav tsum muaj ib tug hydrogen thiab muaj peev xwm los pub nws raws li ib tug proton los ua ib tug acid. Yog li HCl yog Arrhenius acid thiab NaOH yog Arrhenius puag. Qhov kev xav no yuav pab piav qhia txog kev tsim dej thaum lub sij hawm muaj kua qaub-base neutralization cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Qhov txawv ntawm Bronsted Lowry thiab Arrhenius yog dab tsi?
• Raws li Bronsted- Lowry txoj kev xav, lub hauv paus yog proton txais. Raws li Arrhenius txoj kev xav, lub hauv paus yog hydroxide ion pub.
• Arrhenius txoj kev xav tsis piav qhia vim li cas qee cov tshuaj xws li sodium bicarbonate tuaj yeem ua tau zoo li cov hauv paus. Tab sis Bronsted Lowry txoj kev xav tuaj yeem suav rau qhov no.
