Mutation vs Polymorphism
Hauv eukaryotes, DNA pom muaj nyob hauv chromosomes hauv lub nucleus. Chromosomes yog tsim los ntawm ib qho molecule ntawm DNA thiab histone proteins. Chromosomes yog linear, thiab DNA nyob rau hauv lawv yog ob zaug stranded. Muaj ntau cov chromosomes nyob rau hauv ib lub nucleus. Txhua chromosome muaj ib tug ntev molecule ntawm DNA thiab yog ua los ntawm lab ntawm nucleotides. Ib qho nucleotide sib txawv ntawm ib leeg nkaus xwb nyob rau hauv ib theem ntawm nitrogenous puag khub. Lub hauv paus kab ke ntawm cov chains no txawv ntawm ib leeg. Hauv cov molecule ntawm DNA, qhov sib txawv ua raws li cov noob sib txawv. Ib lub noob yog cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov noob caj noob ces txiav txim siab los ntawm ib theem zuj zus ntawm tus khub hauv paus. Tib neeg muaj 23 khub ntawm chromosomes. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog chromosome kev sib deev thiab lwm yam 22 yog autosomes.
Kev hloov pauv yog dab tsi?
Kev hloov pauv yog kev hloov pauv hauv cov khoom siv caj ces; uas yog, DNA uas yog cuab yeej cuab tam los yog kis tau mus rau tiam tom ntej. Kev hloov pauv yog tshwm sim los ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev. Kev hloov pauv tuaj yeem tshwm sim vim qhov yuam kev tshwm sim thaum rov ua dua, kev sib cais txawv txav thaum lub sij hawm meiosis, tshuaj mutagenic thiab hluav taws xob. Kev hloov pauv tuaj yeem yog chromosomal hloov pauv lossis hloov noob caj noob ces. Chromosomal mutation yog ib hom kev hloov pauv uas cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm tus lej chromosome. Qhov no tshwm sim vim qhov yuam kev tshwm sim thaum sib cais ntawm chromosomes hauv meiosis. Qee tus neeg tsuas muaj ib qho X chromosome los sawv cev rau kev sib deev chromosome. Tus mob no hu ua Turner's syndrome. Cov tib neeg uas muaj cov chromosomes tsawg dua li cov naj npawb ib txwm hu ua aneuploids. Qee tus neeg muaj ib qho ntxiv autosome. Tus mob no hu ua Down syndrome. Kline felter syndrome yog vim muaj ib qho chromosome ntxiv rau kev sib deev. Tsis tas li ntawd, tag nrho cov chromosomes yuav hloov. Tus mob no hu ua polyploidy. Gene mutations cuam tshuam rau ib lub noob. Albinism, hemophilia, xim qhov muag tsis pom kev, thalacemia thiab mob cell anemia yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov noob hloov pauv. Feem ntau, kev hloov pauv tsis zoo, tab sis qee qhov tuaj yeem coj cov cim tseem ceeb rau cov mutants; Txawm li cas los xij, cov xwm txheej no tsis tshua muaj.
YPolymorphism yog dab tsi?
Polymorphism yog qhov hloov pauv hauv DNA ib ntus, uas muaj ntau nyob hauv cov pejxeem. Hauv lwm lo lus, yuav tsum muaj ntau tshaj ib qho phenotype rau ib tus cwj pwm tshwj xeeb hauv cov pej xeem kom nws hu ua polymorphism. Yuav kom dhau los ua polymorphs, cov tib neeg hauv cov pej xeem yuav tsum tau nyob hauv tib qho chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm ib lub sijhawm. Polymorphism yog qhov tseem ceeb heev hauv kev ua kom biodiversity thiab hloov mus rau ib puag ncig tshwj xeeb. Polymorphism tseem ceeb heev hauv cov txheej txheem evolutionary. Cov cim yog cov cuab yeej cuab tam, thiab lawv tau hloov los ntawm ib tiam mus rau lwm tus. Nrog lub sijhawm, cov cim tshwj xeeb raug xaiv raws li ntuj tsim.
Qhov txawv ntawm Kev Hloov thiab Polymorphism yog dab tsi?
• Kev hloov pauv feem ntau tshwm sim hauv ib lossis ob tus neeg, thiab qhov ntawd feem ntau tsawg dua 1% ntawm cov pejxeem. Kev hloov pauv tej zaum yuav yog lossis tsis muaj teeb meem rau tus kheej.
• Polymorphism feem ntau pom muaj nyob hauv cov pej xeem. Yog li ntawd, nws tshwm sim tsawg kawg yog 1% ntawm cov tib neeg ntawm cov pejxeem. Polymorphism kuj yuav ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg lossis tsis yog. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau zaus nws yog rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov tib neeg hauv cov pej xeem kom hloov tau zoo rau ib puag ncig tshwj xeeb.
