Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev daws thiab cov kuab tshuaj yog qhov kev daws teeb meem yog qhov sib xyaw ntawm ob lossis ntau qhov sib xyaw, qhov hnyav yog ib feem uas tuaj yeem ua rau kev daws teeb meem.
Cov ntsiab lus tshuaj thiab cov kuab tshuaj muaj feem cuam tshuam rau ib leeg txij li qhov hnyav ua rau lub hauv paus ntawm kev daws teeb meem. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj thiab cov kuab tshuaj.
Kev daws yog dab tsi?
Ib tshuaj yog ib qho sib xyaw ntawm ob lossis ntau yam tshuaj uas tseem ceeb tshwm sim hauv cov kua dej. Feem ntau, cov tshuaj muaj ob yam tseem ceeb: cov kuab tshuaj thiab cov kuab tshuaj. Peb tuaj yeem yaj cov kua nplaum rau hauv cov kuab tshuaj uas tsim nyog. Qhov kev sib xyaw no tshwm sim nyob ntawm qhov polarities ntawm cov kuab tshuaj thiab cov kuab tshuaj ("zoo li yaj zoo li" - polar solutes yaj hauv cov kuab tshuaj polar thiab nonpolar solutes yaj hauv cov kuab tshuaj tsis muaj polar, tab sis cov polar solutes tsis yaj hauv cov kuab tshuaj). Ntxiv mus, qhov xwm ntawm cov tshuaj yog homogeneous, uas txhais tau hais tias cov kuab tshuaj thiab cov kuab tshuaj yog muab faib sib npaug zos thoob plaws qhov sib tov.
Daim duab 01: Potassium Permanganate Solution
Ib tshuaj feem ntau tshwm sim raws li cov kua ntshiab uas tsis muaj turbidity. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib qho kev daws teeb meem yog ruaj khov thiab diffuses sai heev. Cov hais nyob rau hauv ib qho kev daws yog qis dua 1 nanometer hauv qhov ntev. Yog li ntawd, cov khoom no tsis tuaj yeem pom los ntawm qhov muag liab qab. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom no tsis nyob ntawm tus kheej; Peb tuaj yeem daws cov khoom hauv cov tshuaj tsuas yog los ntawm centrifugation. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb tsis tuaj yeem cais lawv cov khoom los ntawm kev pom los yog sedimentation.
Dab tsi yog Solvent?
Ib qho hnyav yog ib yam khoom uas muaj peev xwm yaj. Yog li, nws tuaj yeem yaj lwm yam khoom. Cov kuab tshuaj kuj tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv cov kua, gaseous, lossis cov khoom hauv lub xeev. Txawm li cas los xij, peb feem ntau siv kua ua kuab tshuaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntawm cov kua dej, dej yog ib qho ua rau cov kuab tshuaj thoob ntiaj teb vim tias nws tuaj yeem yaj ntau yam ntau dua li lwm cov kuab tshuaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb tuaj yeem yaj cov roj, khoom, lossis lwm yam kua dej hauv cov kua ua kua. Tab sis, nyob rau hauv cov kuab tshuaj roj, tsuas yog cov kua roj yuav yaj.
Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj qhov txwv rau cov kuab tshuaj uas peb tuaj yeem ntxiv rau qee qhov hnyav. Peb hais tias cov tshuaj tau dhau los ua saturated yog tias peb tau ntxiv qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov kuab tshuaj rau cov kuab tshuaj. Muaj ob hom kuab tshuaj raws li organic thiab inorganic kuab tshuaj. Piv txwv li, ether, hexane, thiab methylene chloride yog cov kuab tshuaj organic, hos dej yog cov kuab tshuaj inorganic.
Daim duab 02: MOED hauv cov kuab tshuaj sib txawv
Tseem tseem muaj ob pawg dav ntawm cov kuab tshuaj ua cov kuab tshuaj polar thiab cov kuab tshuaj tsis yog polar. Polar solvent molecules muaj cov nqi sib cais thiab yog li muaj peev xwm ua kom yaj polar solutes. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem dissolution, dipole-dipole kev sib cuam tshuam los yog dipole-induced dipole kev sib cuam tshuam yuav tshwm sim. Peb tuaj yeem faib cov kuab tshuaj polar rau hauv polar protic thiab polar aprotic solvents. Polar protic cov kuab tshuaj muaj peev xwm ntawm hydrogen daim ntawv cog lus nrog cov kuab tshuaj. Yog li ntawd, lawv daws anions los ntawm hydrogen bonding. Dej thiab methanol yog polar protic solvents. Polar aprotic solvents tsis tuaj yeem tsim hydrogen bonds. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv muaj lub sijhawm loj dipole, tsim kev sib cuam tshuam dipole-dipole nrog ionic solutes, thiab daws lawv. Acetone yog polar aprotic hnyav.
Dab tsi yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj thiab cov kuab tshuaj?
Kev daws thiab hnyav yog cov ntsiab lus cuam tshuam nrog qee qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev daws thiab cov kuab tshuaj yog qhov kev daws teeb meem yog qhov sib xyaw ntawm ob lossis ntau qhov sib xyaw, qhov hnyav yog ib feem uas tuaj yeem ua rau kev daws teeb meem. Piv txwv li, aqueous tov ntawm sodium chloride yog ib homogenous tov, thaum dej yog cov kuab tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj no.
Cov hauv qab no qhia txog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj thiab cov kuab tshuaj hauv daim ntawv teev npe rau kev sib piv ntawm ib sab.
Summary – Solution vs Solvent
Ib tshuaj yog ib qho sib xyaw ntawm ob lossis ntau yam tshuaj uas tseem ceeb tshwm sim hauv cov kua dej. Ib qho hnyav, ntawm qhov tod tes, yog ib yam khoom uas muaj peev xwm yaj. Yog li, nws tuaj yeem yaj lwm yam khoom. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev daws thiab cov kuab tshuaj yog qhov kev daws teeb meem yog qhov sib xyaw ntawm ob lossis ntau qhov sib xyaw, qhov hnyav yog ib feem uas tuaj yeem ua rau kev daws teeb meem.
