Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm isotype allotype thiab idiotype yog raws li qhov sib txawv antigenic determinants. Thaum isotypes antigenic determinants characterizes hnyav chains raws li cov chav kawm thiab subclasses thiab lub teeb chains raws li hom thiab subtypes, allotype antigenic determinants muaj feem xyuam rau cov allelic daim ntawv ntawm immunoglobulin noob thiab idiotype yog ib tug immunoglobulin antigenic determinant tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub variable cheeb tsam ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Immunoglobulins ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm kev paub tshwj xeeb thiab khi rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb. Antigens yog cov proteins, uas ua rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Isotype, allotype thiab idiotype yog peb hom antigenic determinants.
Isotype isotype yog dab tsi?
Nyob hauv cov tsiaj txhu, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob lossis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv immunoglobulins tau muab faib ua cov chav kawm tseem ceeb hu ua isotypes. Yog li ntawd, ib qho isotype yog ib qho cim uas sib haum rau ib qho antigen uas pom nyob rau hauv ib chav kawm ntawm immunoglobulins. Nws yog ib qho protein sib xws lossis cov noob los ntawm ib tsev neeg gene. Muaj tsib chav kawm tseem ceeb ntawm isotypes: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG thiab IgM. Lawv raug cais raws li cov saw hnyav uas lawv muaj. Lawv yog alpha, delta, epsilon, gamma, thiab mu, feem. Kev qhia ntawm isotype qhia txog theem kev loj hlob ntawm B hlwb. Naïve B hlwb qhia cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob IgM thiab IgD nrog cov noob tsis hloov pauv.
Daim duab 01: Isotypes
Cov no yog tsim los ntawm cov ntawv sau thawj zaug, tom qab sib txuas sib txuas. Kev nthuav qhia ntawm lwm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob isotypes, IGA, IgE, thiab IgG, yuav siv qhov chaw tom qab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov chav kawm. Lub enzyme activation-induced cytidine deaminase lossis AID induces tus txheej txheem ntawm chav kawm hloov. Cov txheej txheem no tshwm sim tom qab B cell khi rau ib qho antigen los ntawm nws B cell receptor.
IgG yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntau tshaj plaws hauv tib neeg cov ntshav. Yog li, nws suav txog 70-85% ntawm tag nrho cov immunoglobulin pas dej. IgM yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws antibody isotype nyob rau hauv thawj lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab suav txog li 5-10% ntawm cov immunoglobulin pas dej. IgA muaj xws li ib tug monomer los yog ib tug dimer thiab yog cov predominant antibody isotype nyob rau hauv mucous secretions. Nws suav txog li 5-15% ntawm cov immunoglobulin pas dej. IgD muaj nyob rau hauv ntau qhov ntawm daim nyias nyias ntawm B hlwb. Nws suav txog tsawg dua 1% ntawm tag nrho cov ntshav plasma immunoglobulin. IgE muaj nyob rau ntawm basophils thiab mast-hlwb hauv cov tib neeg thiab cuam tshuam nrog hom 1 tam sim no hypersensitivity. IgE pom tias muaj tsawg heev hauv cov ntshav.
Allotype yog dab tsi?
Allotype kuj yog ib hom kev hloov pauv hauv immunoglobulins uas muaj nyob hauv cov chav kawm tshuaj tiv thaiv. Allelic variation yog pom ntawm subtypes ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov polymorphic epitopes ntawm immunoglobulins uas txawv ntawm cov tib neeg yog hu ua allotypes. Cov polymorphic epitopes no muaj nyob rau ntawm ob qho tib si hnyav thiab lub teeb chains tam sim no nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm immunoglobulin tas li.
Allotypes qhia nyob rau thaj tsam tas li ntawm cov saw hnyav ntawm IgG yog txhais los ntawm Gm, uas sawv cev rau cov cim caj ces. Cov allotypes qhia ntawm IgA tau qhia zoo ib yam li Am. Nyob rau hauv lub teeb chains xws li kappa, nws yog denoted los ntawm Km. Kev nthuav tawm ntawm ib tus neeg mus rau qhov tsis yog tus kheej-allotype tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam los tiv thaiv. Tab sis, tsis yog txhua qhov kev hloov pauv hauv immunoglobulin amino acids ntu yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Antibody allotypes yog siv rau kev kho mob raws li monoclonal antibodies.
Idiotype yog dab tsi?
Idiotypes yog immunoglobulin antigenic determinants tam sim no nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv antigenic no tshwj xeeb. Lawv muaj nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm lub teeb sib txawv thiab qhov sib txawv hnyav ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus kheej. Hauv lwm lo lus, idiotype yog ib qho cuab yeej sib koom raws li kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm ib pawg T cell receptors lossis immunoglobulin.
Daim duab 02: Allotype (CL thiab CH1-3) thiab Idiotype (VL thiab VH)
Thaj chaw sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv antigen ntawm immunoglobulins thiab T hlwb muaj cov amino acid tshwj xeeb uas raug xa mus rau thaj tsam kev txiav txim siab ntxiv. Qhov tshwj xeeb amino acid sequence no txiav txim siab thiab txhais cov khoom nto ntawm thaj av sib txawv. Qhov no txiav txim siab qhov tshwj xeeb antigen thiab yog li txiav txim siab qhov idiotype ntawm molecule.
Ntau yam xws li kev hloov pauv noob, N-nucleotides, P-nucleotides, junctional diversity thiab somatic hyper-mutations, thiab lwm yam., txiav txim siab antibody idiotype. Anti-idiotype yog ib hom idiotype uas tshwm sim thaum ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob khi rau ib qho idiotype ntawm lwm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov no yog cov tseem ceeb hauv kev kho tshuaj. Anti idiotypes raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tuaj yeem tsim los khi tshwj xeeb rau ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob monoclonal thaum lub sijhawm kho.
Dab tsi yog qhov zoo sib xws ntawm Isotype Allotype thiab Idiotype?
- Isotype, allotype, thiab idiotype yog antigenic determinants.
- Lawv cuam tshuam txog kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm tib neeg lub cev.
- Txhua peb hom muaj nyob hauv thaj chaw sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob.
- Qhov kev ua ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob no yuav ua rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thaum tsim nyog.
Qhov txawv ntawm Isotype Allotype thiab Idiotype yog dab tsi?
Isotypes yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob uas ua rau cov saw hnyav raws li cov chav kawm thiab subclasses thiab cov hlua teeb raws li hom, thiab cov subtypes, thaum allotype yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob uas tau teev tseg los ntawm cov ntawv allelic ntawm immunoglobulin noob thiab idiotypes yog immunoglobulin antigenic determinants tam sim no. nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Yog li, qhov no yog qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm isotype allotype thiab idiotype.
Peb hom tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob muaj nyob thiab pom nyob rau hauv ntau zaus. Isotypes muaj nyob rau hauv cov tib neeg uas muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Allotypes tshwm sim thaum cev xeeb tub thiab ntshav. Idiotypes muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm cov neeg muaj caj ces zoo ib yam.
Ntxiv mus, ob qho tib si isotype thiab allotype tau nyob hauv thaj tsam tas li ntawm cov saw hnyav thiab lub teeb saw, tab sis idiotype muaj nyob rau hauv thaj tsam sib txawv ntawm cov saw hnyav thiab lub teeb saw ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Cov hauv qab no infographic nthuav tawm qhov sib txawv ntawm isotype allotype thiab idiotype hauv daim ntawv tabular rau ib sab ntawm kev sib piv.
Summary – Isotype vs Allotype vs Idiotype
Isotype, allotype, thiab idiotype yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob uas muaj nyob ntawm ntau thaj tsam ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Ob leeg isotypes thiab allotypes muaj nyob rau hauv thaj av tas li ntawm cov saw hnyav thiab lub teeb saw, tab sis idiotypes muaj nyob rau hauv thaj tsam sib txawv ntawm cov saw hnyav thiab lub teeb saw. Tag nrho peb hom antigenic determinants ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Isotypes thiab idiotypes yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev kuaj B cell hlav thiab kho B cell hlav, feem. Allotypes ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev sim niam txiv thiab kev tshawb fawb forensic. Yog li, qhov no yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm isotype allotype thiab idiotype.
