Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm valence plhaub thiab penultimate plhaub yog lub plhaub valence yog lub plhaub sab nraud uas muaj hluav taws xob ntawm ib lub atom, hos penultimate plhaub yog lub plhaub uas nyob rau sab hauv lub plhaub uas muaj hluav taws xob sab nraud.
Cov ntsiab lus valence plhaub thiab lub plhaub kawg yog siv feem ntau hauv kev siv tshuaj lom neeg thaum txiav txim siab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm ib qho atom. Valence plhaub thiab penultimate plhaub muaj ib lossis ntau dua electrons.
Valence Plhaub yog dab tsi?
Ib lub plhaub valence yog lub plhaub sab nraud uas muaj hluav taws xob ntawm lub atom. Cov electrons hauv lub plhaub no hu ua valence electrons. Cov no yog cov electrons uas muaj qhov tsawg tshaj plaws attraction ntawm lub nucleus ntawm ib tug atom. Nws yog vim valence electrons nyob deb deb ntawm lub nucleus thaum piv rau lwm cov electrons ntawm lub atom.
Daim duab 01: Valence Electrons koom nrog hauv Bond Tsim
Electrons nyob rau hauv lub plhaub valence yog lub luag haujlwm rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab tshuaj sib txuas ntawm atoms. Txij li thaum lub attraction ntawm cov electrons thiab lub nucleus ntawm ib tug atom yog tsawg, valence electrons tau yooj yim tshem tawm (tshaj li cov electrons nyob rau hauv lub puab orbitals). Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov ionic compounds thiab covalent compounds. Los ntawm poob valence electrons, atoms tuaj yeem tsim cations. Sib koom valence electrons ntawm ib lub atom nrog valence electrons ntawm lwm atom ua rau covalent bonds.
Rau cov ntsiab lus thaiv thiab p thaiv cov ntsiab lus, lub plhaub valence yog s orbitals thiab p orbitals, feem. Tab sis rau cov kev hloov pauv, valence electrons tuaj yeem muaj nyob rau hauv cov orbitals sab hauv thiab. Qhov no yog vim lub zog sib txawv ntawm cov sub-orbitals. Piv txwv li, tus naj npawb atomic ntawm Manganese (Mn) yog 25. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm cob alt yog [Ar] 3d54s2 Cov valence electrons ntawm cob alt yuav tsum nyob rau hauv 4s orbital. Tab sis muaj 7 valence electrons hauv Mn. Cov electrons hauv 3d orbital kuj suav tias yog valence electrons vim tias 3d orbital nyob sab nraum 4s orbital (lub zog ntawm 3d yog siab dua 4s orbital).
Penultimate Plhaub yog dab tsi?
Penultimate plhaub yog lub plhaub uas muaj hluav taws xob uas nyob sab hauv mus rau sab nraud valence plhaub. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, nws yog lub thib ob kawg electron-filled plhaub los yog lub plhaub ua ntej lub valence plhaub. Yog li ntawd, piv rau valence plhaub, lub plhaub penultimate muaj electrons uas nyiam ntau dua rau lub atomic nucleus.
Daim duab 02: Francium Atom Muaj Yim Electrons hauv Penultimate Plhaub
Ntxiv mus, cov hluav taws xob hauv lub plhaub taum kawg tsis koom nrog cov tshuaj sib txuas thiab cov txheej txheem sib xyaw ua ke vim tias lawv tau them los ntawm valence plhaub electrons. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv cov hlau hloov pauv, cov electrons hauv lub plhaub kawg tuaj yeem yog cov hluav taws xob sab nraud ntawm cov hlau atom vim qhov sib txawv ntawm lub zog ntawm cov sub-orbitals.
Qhov txawv ntawm Valence Plhaub thiab Penultimate Plhaub yog dab tsi?
Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm valence plhaub thiab lub plhaub kawg yog lub plhaub valence yog lub plhaub sab nraud uas muaj hluav taws xob ntawm lub atom. Tab sis, penultimate plhaub yog ib sab hauv mus rau lub plhaub sab nraud uas muaj hluav taws xob. Yog li ntawd, lub plhaub penultimate yog ze rau lub atomic nucleus dua li lub plhaub valence.
Ntxiv mus, cov electrons nyob rau hauv lub plhaub valence tsis tshua nyiam rau lub atomic nucleus piv rau cov electrons nyob rau hauv penultimate plhaub. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv lub plhaub valence tau koom nrog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab kev sib xyaw ua ke, thaum cov hluav taws xob hauv lub plhaub taum pauv tsis cuam tshuam nrog tshuaj lom neeg.
Cov hauv qab no infographic tabulates qhov sib txawv ntawm valence plhaub thiab penultimate plhaub.
Summary – Valence Plhaub vs Penultimate Plhaub
Valence plhaub thiab penultimate plhaub yog ob lo lus tshuaj uas tseem ceeb heev hauv chemistry. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm valence plhaub thiab penultimate plhaub yog tias valence plhaub yog lub plhaub sab nraud ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob ntawm lub atom whereas penultimate plhaub yog lub plhaub uas nyob sab hauv mus rau lub plhaub sab nraud uas muaj hluav taws xob.
