Ions vs Electrons
Muaj ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm electrons thiab ions; loj, nqi, thiab xwm yog ib co ntawm lawv. Electrons yog qhov tsis zoo them nyiaj micro hais thiab ions yog qhov tsis zoo los yog qhov zoo them nqi molecules lossis atoms. Cov khoom ntawm electrons tau piav qhia siv "quantum mechanics." Tab sis cov khoom ntawm ions tuaj yeem piav qhia siv cov chemistry. Electron (cim: β- lossis ℮-) yog ib qho sub-atomic particle, thiab nws tsis muaj sub-particles lossis sub-structures. Tab sis, ions tuaj yeem muaj ntau cov qauv nrog cov khoom sib txuas.
Electron yog dab tsi?
Electron thawj zaug pom los ntawm J. J. Thompson xyoo 1906 thaum nws tab tom ua haujlwm nrog cathode rays uas hu ua electron beams. Nws pom tias cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis zoo yog qhov tsis zoo rau micro hais. Nws tau siv los hu lawv "corpuscles." Tsis tas li ntawd, nws pom tias cov hluav taws xob yog ib qho ntawm cov atom thiab nws muaj ntau dua 1000 npaug me dua li Hydrogen atom. Qhov loj ntawm electron yog kwv yees li 1/1836 ntawm ib tug proton.
Raws li Bohr txoj kev xav, electrons orbit ncig lub nucleus. Tab sis tom qab ntawd, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sim kev tshawb fawb, nws tau pom tias cov hluav taws xob coj tus cwj pwm zoo li electromagnetic nthwv dej ntau dua li orbiting hais.
Ion yog dab tsi?
Raws li tau hais ua ntej, ions yog qhov tsis zoo lossis qhov txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov khoom siv lossis cov atoms. Ob lub atoms thiab molecules tuaj yeem tsim ions los ntawm kev lees txais lossis tshem tawm cov electrons. Lawv tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo (K+, Ca2+, Al3+) los ntawm kev tshem tawm cov hluav taws xob thiab nce nqi tsis zoo (Cl–, S2-, AlO3–) los ntawm kev lees txais electrons. Thaum ib qho ion raug tsim, tus naj npawb ntawm cov electrons tsis sib npaug ntawm cov protons. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis hloov tus naj npawb ntawm protons hauv atom / molecule. Qhov nce lossis poob ntawm ib lossis ntau dua electrons muaj qhov cuam tshuam rau lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm niam txiv atom/molecule.
Qhov txawv ntawm Electrons thiab Ions yog dab tsi?
Tus nqi hluav taws xob:
• Electrons raug suav hais tias yog qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov nqi qis tab sis tuaj yeem yog qhov zoo lossis tsis zoo.
• Ions nrog tus nqi zoo yog hu ua "ions zoo" thiab zoo ib yam ions nrog tus nqi tsis zoo hu ua "ions tsis zoo." Ions yog tsim los ntawm kev lees txais lossis pub dawb electron(s).
– Piv txwv ntawm cov ions zoo: Na+, Ca2+, Al3+, Pb4+, NH4
- Piv txwv ntawm cov ions tsis zoo: Cl–, S2-, AlO3 –
Size:
• Electrons yog qhov me me heev piv rau cov ions.
• Qhov loj ntawm ions txawv nyob ntawm ntau yam.
• Qhov loj ntawm ib qho hluav taws xob yog tus nqi ruaj khov; Nws yog hais txog 1/1836 ntawm ib tug proton.
Atomic Structure:
• Electrons tsis yog polyatomic lossis monatomic. Cov hluav taws xob tsis sib xyaw ua ke los tsim cov khoom sib txuas.
• Ions tuaj yeem yog polyatomic lossis monatomic; monatomic ions tsuas muaj ib atom xwb hos polyatomic ions muaj ntau tshaj ib atom.
– Monatomic ions: Na+, Ca2+, Al3+, Pb4+
– Polyatomic ions: ClO3-, SO4 3-
Particles:
• Electrons yog micro particles thiab muaj yoj-particle zog (Wave-particle duaality).
• Ions raug suav tias yog cov khoom nkaus xwb.
Elements:
• Electrons raug suav hais tias yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Hauv lwm lo lus, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov khoom me me lossis cov txheej txheem.
• Tag nrho cov ions muaj cov khoom sib txuas. Piv txwv li, polyatomic ions muaj ntau yam atoms; atoms tuaj yeem muab faib ntxiv rau hauv neutrons, protons, electrons, thiab lwm yam.
Properties:
• Tag nrho cov electrons muaj qhov zoo sib xws yoj-particle zog, uas tuaj yeem piav qhia siv quantum mechanics.
• Cov khoom siv tshuaj thiab lub cev ntawm ions txawv ntawm ion mus rau ion. Hauv lwm lo lus, cov ions sib txawv muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab lub cev sib txawv.
