Homologous vs Analogous
Cov cim zoo sib xws thiab cov cim homologous yog cov cim siv hauv kev tshuaj xyuas phylogenetic.
Homologous Characters
Thaum ib pawg kab mob muaj cov qauv homologous, uas yog tshwj xeeb los ua ntau yam haujlwm sib txawv, nws qhia txog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus hu ua kev hloov hluav taws xob. Piv txwv li, tag nrho cov kab sib koom tib yam nroj tsuag rau cov qauv ntawm lub qhov ncauj qhov chaw. Lub labrum, ib khub ntawm mandibles, hypopharynx, ib khub ntawm maxillae thiab ib labium ua ke tsim cov phiaj xwm ntawm lub qhov ncauj qhov chaw. Hauv qee cov kab, qee qhov ntawm lub qhov ncauj tau nthuav dav thiab hloov kho, thiab lwm yam raug txo thiab ploj. Vim li no lawv tuaj yeem siv ntau yam khoom noj khoom haus. Qhov no ua rau muaj ntau hom kev pub mis. Kab qhia tau hais tias muaj kev hloov pauv hluav taws xob ntau. Qhov no qhia txog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov pab pawg. Qhov no kuj tseem hu ua evolutionary plasticity. Qhov no tau ua rau lawv nyob hauv ntau yam ntawm ecological niches. Ib tug qauv tam sim no nyob rau hauv ib tug poj koob yawm txwv kab mob ua heev hloov thiab tshwj xeeb. Qhov no tuaj yeem hu ua txheej txheem ntawm qhovntsej thiaj tsis mob los ntawm kev hloov kho. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov hluav taws xob yog qhov qhia tau tias muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov evolution, uas yog raws li kev hloov kho ntawm homologous qauv nyob rau lub sijhawm.
Ntawm tus yam ntxwv
Cov qauv thiab cov txheej txheem physiological tuaj yeem zoo sib xws hauv cov kab mob uas tsis zoo sib xws nrog cov kab mob phylogenetically thiab lawv yuav qhia tau zoo sib xws rau kev ua haujlwm zoo ib yam. Cov no yog hu ua analogous. Qee qhov piv txwv rau cov qauv zoo sib xws yog qhov muag ntawm vertebrates thiab cephalopods, tis ntawm kab thiab noog, ob txhais ceg ntawm vertebrates thiab kab, pos ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab spines ntawm cov tsiaj thiab lwm yam. Qhov zoo sib xws uas pom nyob rau hauv cov qauv analogous tsuas yog superficial. Piv txwv li, kab tis thiab tis ntawm puav thiab noog yog cov qauv zoo sib xws, tab sis cov kab tis ntawm cov kab yog kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov leeg ntawm cuticle thiab tis ntawm cov noog thiab cov puav yog txhawb nqa los ntawm cov pob txha. Tsis tas li ntawd, vertebrate ob lub qhov muag thiab cephalopod ob lub qhov muag yog cov qauv zoo sib xws, tab sis kev txhim kho embryological ntawm ob qhov sib txawv. Cephalopods muaj erect retina thiab photoreceptors ntsib lub teeb tuaj. Nyob rau hauv sib piv, nyob rau hauv vertebrates lub retina yog inverted thiab cov photoreceptors yog sib cais los ntawm lub teeb los los ntawm lub connecting neurons. Yog li ntawd, cov vertebrates muaj qhov muag tsis pom thiab cov cephalopods tsis muaj qhov muag tsis pom. Convergent evolution tau txais kev txhawb los ntawm qhov muaj cov qauv zoo sib xws.
Qhov txawv ntawm Homologous thiab Analogous Characters yog dab tsi?
• Cov yam ntxwv uas zoo sib xws tab sis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov evolutionary keeb kwm yog hu ua analogous cim, whereas cov cim uas muaj tib evolutionary keeb kwm hu ua homologous cim.
• Cov cim tsis tuaj yeem siv los txiav txim siab kev sib raug zoo ntawm taxa whereas homologous cim yog siv los tsim kev sib raug zoo evolutionary thiab phylogeny ntawm taxa.
