Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov pauv dawb radical thiab nucleophilic hloov pauv yog qhov kev hloov pauv dawb radical cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj dawb radical chemical hom uas tsis muaj hluav taws xob tsis sib xws, qhov kev hloov pauv nucleophilic cuam tshuam nrog nucleophiles muaj khub ntawm electrons uas tuaj yeem pub dawb.
Kev hloov pauv dawb radical yog ib hom tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas ib qho atom hauv ib lub molecule hloov los ntawm lwm lub atom lossis ib pawg ntawm atoms. Nucleophilic hloov pauv, ntawm qhov tod tes, yog ib hom tshuaj tiv thaiv uas muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj txiaj ntsig zoo los hloov cov pab pawg ua haujlwm hauv qhov tsis muaj hluav taws xob molecule.
Dab tsi yog qhov hloov pauv dawb radical?
Kev hloov pauv dawb radical yog ib hom tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas ib qho atom hauv ib lub molecule hloov los ntawm lwm lub atom lossis ib pawg ntawm atoms. Feem ntau, kev hloov pauv dawb radical cuam tshuam cuam tshuam nrog kev tawg ntawm carbon-hydrogen bond hauv alkanes xws li methane thiab propane. Tom qab ntawd, daim ntawv cog lus tshiab, uas kuj tshwm sim hauv pawg alkyl xws li methyl thiab ethyl.
Daim duab 01: Dawb radical hloov pauv hauv cov molecule General
Piv txwv li, ethanoic acid molecule muaj ib pawg methyl. Nws muaj ib daim ntawv cog lus carbon-hydrogen uas tuaj yeem coj zoo ib yam li cov hauv methane molecules. Yog li ntawd, nws tuaj yeem raug ethane tawg thiab hloov los ntawm lwm yam hauv txoj kev zoo sib xws. E.g. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm methane thiab chlorine nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm UV teeb.
Dawb radicals tuaj yeem piav qhia raws li atoms lossis pawg ntawm atoms uas muaj ib qho hluav taws xob tsis sib xws. Feem ntau, kev hloov pauv dawb radical cuam tshuam nrog hom radicals no. Cov dawb radicals tsim thaum cov tshuaj lom neeg sib cais sib npaug, qhov twg txhua lub atom tau txais ib qho ntawm ob qho khoom siv hluav taws xob. Peb hu nws hemolytic fission. Thaum qhia tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ib qho dawb radical, peb siv ib lub dot txuas rau cov tshuaj formula los qhia cov electron unpaired.
Nucleophilic hloov pauv yog dab tsi?
Nucleophilic hloov pauv yog ib hom tshuaj tiv thaiv uas muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob nplua nuj nyob hauv cov khoom siv los hloov cov pab pawg ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv ib qho hluav taws xob tsis muaj molecule. Cov hom tshuaj muaj hluav taws xob muaj npe hu ua nucleophile, thiab hom tsis muaj hluav taws xob hu ua electrophile. Cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj cov electrophile thiab cov pab pawg ua haujlwm yog lub npe hu ua substrate.
Daim duab 02: Ib qho piv txwv ntawm Nucleophilic Hloov Cov Kev Sib Tham Sib Tham
Nyob rau hauv hom tshuaj tiv thaiv no, ib khub electron ntawm nucleophile nyhav mus tua cov substrate molecule los khi nrog nws. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov pab pawg ua haujlwm tawm ntawm cov molecule. Yog li ntawd, peb hu nws ua pawg tawm. Cov pab pawg no tawm mus nrog ib khub electron. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no muab R-Nuc ua cov khoom tseem ceeb uas R yog lub substrate molecule, thiab Nuc yog cov nucleophile. Qee zaum, nucleophile yog hluav taws xob nruab nrab lossis tuaj yeem raug them tsis zoo. Ib yam li ntawd, lub substrate yog qee zaum nruab nrab lossis raug nqi zoo.
Piv txwv li, hydrolysis ntawm alkyl bromide yog ib hom kev hloov pauv nucleophilic. Hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawd, cov nucleophile yog pawg hydroxide (OH-), thiab cov pab pawg tawm yog bromide anion (Br-). Ntxiv mus, hom tshuaj tiv thaiv no muaj ntau heev hauv cov organic chemistry.
Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm Dawb Radical Hloov thiab Nucleophilic Hloov?
Kev hloov pauv dawb radical yog ib hom tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas ib qho atom hauv ib lub molecule hloov los ntawm lwm lub atom lossis ib pawg ntawm atoms. Nucleophilic hloov pauv yog ib hom tshuaj tiv thaiv uas muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj txiaj ntsig zoo los hloov cov pab pawg ua haujlwm hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis muaj hluav taws xob. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov pauv dawb radical thiab nucleophilic hloov pauv yog qhov kev hloov pauv dawb radical cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj dawb radical hom uas tsis muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis sib xws, qhov kev hloov pauv nucleophilic cuam tshuam nrog nucleophiles muaj ob lub electrons uas tuaj yeem pub dawb.
Cov hauv qab no qhia txog qhov sib txawv ntawm kev hloov pauv dawb radical thiab nucleophilic hloov pauv hauv daim ntawv teev npe rau ib sab ntawm kev sib piv.
Summary – Dawb radical hloov vs Nucleophilic hloov
Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov pauv dawb radical thiab nucleophilic hloov pauv yog qhov kev hloov pauv dawb radical cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj dawb radical chemical hom uas tsis muaj hluav taws xob tsis sib xws, qhov kev hloov pauv nucleophilic cuam tshuam nrog nucleophiles muaj khub ntawm electrons uas tuaj yeem pub dawb.
