Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm linear thiab quadratic stark effect yog linear Stark effect tshwm sim vim lub sijhawm dipole uas tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tshwm sim tsis sib xws ntawm cov hluav taws xob sib npaug, qhov cuam tshuam quadratic Stark tshwm sim vim lub sijhawm dipole uas yog induced los ntawm sab nraud teb.
Stark nyhuv yog qhov sib cais ntawm cov kab spectral pom thaum tawg atoms, ions, lossis molecules raug rau lub zog hluav taws xob. Cov nyhuv no tau pom thawj zaug los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb German Johannes Stark. Cov nyhuv tau muab npe tom qab nws.
Dab tsi yog Linear Stark Effect?
Linear stark effect yog cov kab ntawm cov kab spectral uas tau tsim thaum hloov pauv ntawm cov qib zog yog qhov sib luag. Nyob rau hauv cov nyhuv no, qhov sib txawv ntawm lub zog theem (Δε) yog proportional rau qhov siv hluav taws xob teb (E). Kev sib raug zoo yog raws li nram no:
Δε∝ E
Feem ntau, cov nyhuv linear stark yog yam ntxwv ntawm hydrogen uas tshwm sim hauv cov hluav taws xob tsis muaj zog. Feem ntau, lub zog theem ntawm hydrogen atom uas muaj tus thawj quantum tus naj npawb "n" zoo li faib symmetrically rau hauv 2n-1 sublevels. Ntxiv mus, peb tuaj yeem soj ntsuam cov txiaj ntsig zoo li no hauv cov atom zoo li hydrogen xws li He+, Li+2 thiab Be. +3
Daim duab 01: Stark Effect
Feem ntau, qhov loj ntawm cov nyhuv linear yog qhov sib piv loj. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov nyhuv no tuaj yeem pom hauv atoms nrog symmetry thiab lub sijhawm dipole tas li.
Quadratic Stark Effect yog dab tsi?
Cov nyhuv quadratic stark yog cov kab spectral uas cov kab qauv yog asymmetric. Nyob rau hauv hom stark nyhuv, qhov txawv ntawm lub zog theem (Δε) yog proportional rau lub square ntawm daim ntawv thov hluav taws xob teb (E). Kev sib raug zoo yog raws li nram no:
Δε∝ E2
hom kev cuam tshuam stark no muaj nyob rau hauv ntau-electron atoms. Feem ntau, qhov loj ntawm cov nyhuv quadratic yog qhov sib piv me me. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov nyhuv no tuaj yeem pom hauv atoms nrog asymmetry thiab lub sijhawm hloov pauv dipole.
Qhov txawv ntawm Kab thiab Quadratic Stark nyhuv yog dab tsi?
Cov nyhuv Stark tshwm sim vim muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub sijhawm hluav taws xob ntawm lub atom thiab hluav taws xob sab nraud. Muaj ob hom Stark nyhuv; lawv yog cov nyhuv linear stark thiab cov nyhuv quadratic stark. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm linear thiab quadratic stark nyhuv yog qhov linear Stark nyhuv tshwm sim vim lub sij hawm dipole uas tshwm sim los ntawm ib txwm tshwm sim tsis-symmetric faib ntawm hluav taws xob nqi, whereas lub quadratic Stark nyhuv tshwm sim vim lub dipole lub sij hawm uas yog induced los ntawm sab nraud teb.
Ntxiv mus, qhov loj ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob Stark yog qhov sib piv siab, thaum qhov loj ntawm cov nyhuv quadratic stark yog qhov sib piv me me. Ntxiv rau qhov sib txawv no, cov nyhuv Stark tuaj yeem pom muaj nyob rau hauv hydrogen thiab hydrogen-zoo li cov hluav taws xob qis atoms, whereas cov nyhuv quadratic stark tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv ntau-electron atoms.
Cov infographic hauv qab no qhia txog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kab thiab cov plaub fab stark hauv daim ntawv.
Summary – Linear vs Quadratic Stark Effect
Cov nyhuv Stark tshwm sim vim muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub sijhawm hluav taws xob ntawm lub atom thiab hluav taws xob sab nraud. Peb tuaj yeem faib nws ua ob pawg raws li linear stark effect thiab quadratic stark effect. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm linear thiab quadratic stark nyhuv yog hais tias cov linear Stark tshwm sim vim lub sij hawm dipole tshwm sim los ntawm ib txwm tshwm sim uas tsis yog-symmetric faib ntawm hluav taws xob nqi, whereas lub quadratic Stark nyhuv tshwm sim vim lub dipole lub sij hawm uas yog induced los ntawm lub sab nraud teb.
