Qhov txawv ntawm Molecular Orbital thiab Atomic Orbital

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Qhov txawv ntawm Molecular Orbital thiab Atomic Orbital
Qhov txawv ntawm Molecular Orbital thiab Atomic Orbital

Video: Qhov txawv ntawm Molecular Orbital thiab Atomic Orbital

Video: Qhov txawv ntawm Molecular Orbital thiab Atomic Orbital
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Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm molecular orbital thiab atomic orbital yog tias atomic orbitals piav qhia qhov chaw uas qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev nrhiav cov electrons siab hauv ib lub atom whereas molecular orbitals piav qhia qhov chaw ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv ib lub molecule.

Kev sib koom ua ke hauv molecules tau nkag siab hauv txoj hauv kev tshiab nrog cov kev xav tshiab uas tau nthuav tawm los ntawm Schrodinger, Heisenberg thiab Paul Dirac. Thaum quantum mechanics tuaj rau hauv daim duab nrog lawv cov kev tshawb pom, nws tau pom tias ib qho hluav taws xob muaj ob qho tib si particle thiab yoj zog. Nrog rau qhov no, Schrodinger tau tsim qhov sib npaug los nrhiav qhov yoj qhov ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob thiab tuaj nrog qhov sib npaug nthwv dej thiab ua haujlwm yoj. Wave muaj nuj nqi (Ψ) sib haum mus rau ntau lub xeev rau lub electron.

Molecular Orbital yog dab tsi?

Atoms koom ua ke los tsim cov molecules. Thaum ob lub atom txav los ze zog ua ke los tsim ib lub molecule, atomic orbitals sib tshooj thiab ua ke los ua molecular orbitals. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov tsim tshiab molecular orbitals yog sib npaug rau cov naj npawb ntawm cov atomic orbitals ua ke. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub molecular orbital nyob ib ncig ntawm ob lub nuclei ntawm atoms, thiab cov electrons tuaj yeem txav mus los ntawm ob lub nuclei. Zoo ib yam li atomic orbitals, molecular orbitals ntau kawg muaj 2 electrons, uas muaj qhov sib txawv.

Qhov txawv tseem ceeb - Molecular Orbital vs Atomic Orbital
Qhov txawv tseem ceeb - Molecular Orbital vs Atomic Orbital

Daim duab 01: Molecular Orbitals hauv ib lub molecule

Ntxiv mus, muaj ob hom molecular orbitals: kev sib txuas molecular orbitals thiab antibonding molecular orbitals. Bonding molecular orbitals muaj electrons nyob rau hauv lub xeev av thaum antibonding molecular orbitals tsis muaj electrons hauv av. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tuaj yeem tuav cov tshuaj tiv thaiv orbitals yog tias cov molecule nyob hauv lub xeev zoo siab.

Atomic Orbital yog dab tsi?

Max Born tau taw qhia lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub cev rau lub xwmfab ntawm yoj ua haujlwm (Ψ2) tom qab Schrodinger tso nws txoj kev xav. Raws li Yug, Ψ2 qhia qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev nrhiav ib qho hluav taws xob hauv ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb; Yog tias Ψ2 yog tus nqi loj, ces qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev nrhiav cov hluav taws xob hauv qhov chaw ntawd siab dua. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, lub electron probability ceev yog loj. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias Ψ2 qis, ces qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm electron yuav tsawg. Cov phiaj xwm ntawm Ψ2 hauv x, y thiab z axes qhia cov kev tshwm sim no, thiab lawv coj cov duab ntawm s, p, d thiab f orbitals. Peb hu cov atomic orbitals.

Qhov sib txawv ntawm Molecular Orbital thiab Atomic Orbital
Qhov sib txawv ntawm Molecular Orbital thiab Atomic Orbital

Daim duab 02: Txawv Atomic Orbitals

Tsis tas li ntawd, peb txhais lub atomic orbital raws li thaj tsam ntawm qhov chaw uas qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev nrhiav ib qho hluav taws xob loj hauv lub atom. Peb tuaj yeem ua tus cwj pwm ntawm cov orbitals los ntawm quantum tooj, thiab txhua lub atomic orbital tuaj yeem haum ob lub tshuab hluav taws xob nrog qhov sib txawv. Piv txwv li, thaum peb sau cov kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob, peb sau nws li 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2. 1, 2, 3….n integer qhov tseem ceeb yog tus lej quantum. Lub superscript tom qab lub orbital lub npe qhia tus naj npawb ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv lub orbital. s orbitals yog kheej kheej-puab, thiab me me thaum P orbitals yog dumbbell-puab nrog ob lobes. Ntawm no, ib lub lobe zoo thaum lwm lobe tsis zoo. Ntxiv mus, qhov chaw uas ob lub lobes kov ib leeg yog cov node. Muaj 3 p orbitals li x, y thiab z. Lawv tau teem rau hauv qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev uas lawv axes yog perpendicular rau ib leeg.

Muaj tsib d orbitals thiab 7 f orbitals nrog cov duab sib txawv. Yog li ntawd, cov hauv qab no yog tag nrho cov electrons uas tuaj yeem nyob hauv lub orbital.

  • s orbital-2 electrons
  • p orbitals- 6 electrons
  • d orbitals- 10 electrons
  • f orbitals- 14 electrons

Qhov txawv ntawm Molecular Orbital thiab Atomic Orbital yog dab tsi?

Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm molecular orbital thiab atomic orbital yog tias atomic orbitals piav qhia qhov chaw uas qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev nrhiav cov electrons siab hauv atom whereas molecular orbitals piav qhia qhov chaw ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv ib lub molecule. Ntxiv mus, atomic orbitals muaj nyob rau hauv atoms thaum molecular orbitals muaj nyob rau hauv molecules. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm atomic orbitals ua rau tsim cov molecular orbitals. Tsis tas li ntawd, atomic orbitals muaj npe raws li s, p, d, thiab f thaum muaj ob hom molecular orbitals li kev sib txuas thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob molecular orbitals.

Qhov txawv ntawm Molecular Orbital thiab Atomic Orbital - Tabular Form
Qhov txawv ntawm Molecular Orbital thiab Atomic Orbital - Tabular Form

Summary – Molecular Orbital vs Atomic Orbital

Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm molecular orbital thiab atomic orbital yog tias atomic orbitals piav qhia qhov chaw uas qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev nrhiav cov electrons siab hauv ib lub atom whereas molecular orbitals piav qhia qhov chaw ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv ib lub molecule.

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