Atomic Orbital vs Hybrid Orbital
Kev sib koom ua ke hauv cov molecules tau nkag siab hauv txoj hauv kev tshiab nrog cov kev xav tshiab uas tau nthuav tawm los ntawm Schrodinger, Heisenberg, thiab Paul Dirc. Cov quantum mechanics tuaj rau hauv daim duab nrog lawv cov kev tshawb pom. Lawv pom tias ib qho hluav taws xob muaj ob qho tib si particle thiab yoj zog. Nrog rau qhov no, Schrodinger tau tsim qhov sib npaug los nrhiav qhov nthwv dej ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob thiab tuaj nrog qhov sib npaug ntawm nthwv dej thiab ua haujlwm yoj. Wave muaj nuj nqi (Ψ) sib haum mus rau ntau lub xeev rau lub electron.
Atomic orbital
Max Born taw qhia lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub cev rau lub xwmfab ntawm kev ua haujlwm nthwv dej (Ψ 2) tom qab Schrodinger tso nws txoj kev xav. Raws li Yug, Ψ 2 nthuav qhia qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev nrhiav ib qho hluav taws xob hauv ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb. Yog li, yog Ψ 2 yog tus nqi loj dua, ces qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev nrhiav cov hluav taws xob hauv qhov chaw ntawd siab dua. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, electron probability ceev yog loj. Hauv qhov tsis sib xws, yog tias Ψ 2 yog qhov qis, ces qhov electron probability ntom muaj tsawg. Cov phiaj xwm ntawm Ψ2 in x, y, thiab z axes qhia cov kev tshwm sim no, thiab lawv coj cov duab ntawm s, p, d thiab f orbitals. Cov no yog hu ua atomic orbitals. Ib qho atomic orbital tuaj yeem txhais tau tias, thaj tsam ntawm qhov chaw uas qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev nrhiav ib qho hluav taws xob loj hauv lub atom. Atomic orbitals yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm quantum tooj, thiab txhua lub atomic orbital tuaj yeem ua kom haum ob lub tshuab hluav taws xob nrog qhov sib txawv. Piv txwv li, thaum peb sau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, peb sau li 1s2, 2s2, 2p6., 3s2 1, 2, 3….n qhov tseem ceeb yog tus lej quantum. Tus lej superscript tom qab lub npe orbital qhia cov naj npawb ntawm cov electrons hauv lub orbital.s orbitals yog kheej kheej, thiab me me. P orbitals yog dumbbell zoo li tus nrog ob lobes. Ib lobe tau hais tias yog qhov zoo, thiab lwm lobe yog qhov tsis zoo. Qhov chaw uas ob lub lobes kov ib leeg yog lub npe hu ua node. Muaj 3 p orbitals li x, y thiab z. Lawv tau teem rau hauv qhov chaw kom lawv cov axes yog perpendicular rau ib leeg. Muaj tsib d orbitals thiab 7 f orbitals nrog cov duab sib txawv. Yog li sib sau ua ke, hauv qab no yog tag nrho cov xov tooj ntawm cov hluav taws xob uas tuaj yeem nyob hauv lub orbital.
s orbital-2 electrons
P orbitals- 6 electrons
d orbitals- 10 electrons
f orbitals- 14 electrons
Hybrid orbital
Hybridization yog kev sib xyaw ntawm ob qhov tsis sib npaug atomic orbitals. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm hybridization yog hybrid orbital. Muaj ntau hom hybrid orbitals tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw s, p thiab d orbitals. Feem ntau hybrid orbitals yog sp3, sp2 thiab sp. Piv txwv li, hauv CH4, C muaj 6 electrons nrog lub teeb tsa hluav taws xob 1s2 2s2 2p 2 nyob rau hauv av xeev. Thaum zoo siab, ib qho hluav taws xob hauv qib 2s txav mus rau qib 2p muab peb 3 electrons. Tom qab ntawd 2s electron thiab peb 2p electrons sib xyaw ua ke thiab tsim plaub qhov sib npaug sp3 hybrid orbitals. Ib yam li hauv sp2 hybridization peb hybrid orbitals thiab hauv sp hybridization ob hybrid orbitals yog tsim. Tus naj npawb ntawm hybrid orbitals tsim yog sib npaug rau cov lej ntawm orbitals raug hybridized.
Qhov txawv ntawm Atomic Orbitals thiab Hybrid Orbitals yog dab tsi?
• Hybrid orbitals yog tsim los ntawm atomic orbitals.
• Ntau hom thiab tus lej ntawm atomic orbitals koom nrog hauv kev ua hybrid orbitals.
• Cov atomic orbitals sib txawv muaj cov duab sib txawv thiab muaj pes tsawg tus electrons. Tab sis tag nrho cov hybrid orbitals sib npaug thiab muaj tib tus lej electron.
• Hybrid orbitals ib txwm koom nrog covalent sigma daim ntawv cog lus, whereas atomic orbitals koom rau hauv ob qho tib si sigma thiab pi daim ntawv cog lus.
