YPositivism vs Post-Positivism
Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua zoo thiab kev ua zoo tom qab tsim qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv thiab muab lawv sib cais. Positivism thiab post-positivism yuav tsum tau saib raws li kev xav siv hauv kev tshawb fawb rau kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb. Cov no yuav tsum tau saib raws li ob txoj kev xav ywj pheej uas txawv ntawm ib leeg. Positivism yog lub tswv yim uas hais txog empiricism. Nws qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub hom phiaj thiab qhov tsim nyog los kawm txog cov khoom uas pom tau. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau xyoo pua 20th, tau muaj kev hloov pauv uas tau coj los ntawm post-positivism. Post-positivism yog ib lub tswv yim uas tsis lees txais txoj kev xav zoo thiab nthuav tawm cov kev xav tshiab txhawm rau daws qhov tseeb. Los ntawm tsab xov xwm no cia peb tshuaj xyuas qhov sib txawv ntawm ob txoj kev xav no.
Yuav ua li cas yog Positivism?
Kev pom zoo qhia tau hais tias kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb yuav tsum vam khom qhov tseeb thiab ntsuas tau ntau dua li ntawm cov kev paub dhau los. Raws li qhov no epistemological stance, dab tsi suav tias yog kev paub tuaj yeem ntes tau los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv xav tau. Yog hais tias kev txawj ntse mus dhau qhov no mus rau hauv subjective ciam teb, cov ntaub ntawv no tsis tsim nyog raws li kev paub. Positivists ntseeg tias kev tshawb fawb yog qhov nruab nrab los ntawm qhov tseeb uas tuaj yeem nthuav tawm. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li cov kws tshaj lij, tsuas yog cov kev tshawb fawb ntuj xws li physics, chemistry, thiab biology raug suav tias yog science.
Cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev sib raug zoo xws li kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev nom kev tswv tsis poob rau hauv qhov kev xav zoo no, feem ntau vim hais tias hauv kev paub txog kev sib raug zoo yog los ntawm cov kev paub ntawm tib neeg, uas tsis tuaj yeem ntsuas thiab soj ntsuam. Cov kws tshawb fawb txog kev sib raug zoo tsis tau koom nrog kev tshawb fawb hauv chav kuaj. Lawv lub chaw kuaj mob yog lub zej zog uas qhov kev txav mus los, kev sib raug zoo ntawm tib neeg tsis tuaj yeem tswj tau. Kev paub tau txais los ntawm kev kawm txog tib neeg tus cwj pwm, kev sib raug zoo, cov dab neeg hauv lub neej, thiab lwm yam. Cov kws tshaj lij ntseeg tias cov no tsis muaj lub hom phiaj.
Auguste Comte is a positivist
Post-positiveism yog dab tsi?
Post-positiveism tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo pua 20th. Qhov no tsis yog ib qho kev hloov kho ntawm positivism nkaus xwb, tab sis ib qho kev tsis lees paub tag nrho ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm positivism. Post-positivism taw qhia tias kev xav txog kev tshawb fawb zoo ib yam li peb qhov kev xav zoo ib yam. Qhov no qhia tias peb tus kheej kev nkag siab ntawm lub neej niaj hnub zoo ib yam li kev nkag siab ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb. Qhov sib txawv tsuas yog tias tus kws tshawb fawb yuav siv cov txheej txheem kom tuaj txog ntawm qhov kev txiav txim siab, tsis zoo li tus neeg nteg.
Tsis zoo li cov kws tshaj lij, cov kws tshaj lij tom qab tau taw qhia tias peb cov kev soj ntsuam tsis tuaj yeem tso siab rau txhua lub sijhawm vim lawv tuaj yeem raug yuam kev. Qhov no yog vim li cas post-positivists raug suav hais tias yog cov neeg muaj peev xwm tseem ceeb, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tseeb uas lawv kawm. Txij li thaum lawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev muaj tiag, post-positivists tsis cia siab rau ib txoj kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb. Lawv ntseeg tias txhua txoj kev tuaj yeem muaj qhov yuam kev. Cov no tsuas yog zam tau yog tias siv ntau txoj hauv kev. Qhov no yog hu ua triangulation.
Post-positivism kuj xav tias cov kws tshawb fawb yeej tsis muaj lub hom phiaj thiab tsis ncaj ncees vim lawv txoj kev ntseeg. Hauv qhov kev nkag siab no, lub hom phiaj ntshiab tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias muaj ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kev pom zoo thiab kev pom zoo tom qab, txawm hais tias ob qho tib si yog nyob rau hauv kev coj ua.
Karl Popper yog tus kws tshaj lij tom qab
Qhov txawv ntawm Kev Pom Zoo thiab Kev Tshaj Lij Tshaj Tawm yog dab tsi?
Definition of Positivism thiab Post-positivism:
• Positivism yog ib txoj kev xav uas qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub hom phiaj thiab qhov tsim nyog los kawm txog cov khoom uas pom tau.
• Post-positivism yog ib lub tswv yim uas tsis lees paub qhov zoo thiab nthuav tawm cov kev xav tshiab txhawm rau daws qhov tseeb.
Core Idea:
• Empiricism (uas suav nrog kev soj ntsuam thiab ntsuas) yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev pom zoo.
• Post-positivism taw qhia tias lub tswv yim tseem ceeb no yog qhov yuam kev.
Realists thiab Critical Realists:
• Positivists yog realists.
• Post-positiveists yog qhov tseem ceeb tiag tiag.
Aim of Science:
• Positivists ntseeg hais tias science aims los daws qhov tseeb.
• Txawm li cas los xij, post-positivists ntseeg tias qhov no tsis tuaj yeem ua tsis tau vim muaj qhov yuam kev hauv txhua txoj kev tshawb fawb.
Objectivity ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb:
• Hauv positive, tus kws tshawb fawb suav tias yog lub hom phiaj.
• Post-positivism tseem ceeb tias muaj kev tsis ncaj ncees hauv tus kws tshawb fawb ib yam nkaus.
