Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov xov tooj cua thiab hluav taws xob yog cov xov tooj cua yog cov txheej txheem uas qee cov ntsiab lus tso tawm hluav taws xob thaum hluav taws xob yog lub zog lossis cov khoom muaj zog uas tawm los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
Radioactivity yog txheej txheem ntuj tsim, uas muaj nyob hauv lub qab ntuj khwb txij thaum immemorial. Yog li, nws yog lub sijhawm nrhiav tau los ntawm Henry Becquerel hauv xyoo 1896 uas lub ntiaj teb tuaj paub txog nws. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus kws tshawb fawb Marie Curie tau piav qhia txog lub tswv yim no hauv xyoo 1898 thiab tau txais Nobel nqi zog rau nws txoj haujlwm. Peb xa cov xov tooj cua uas muaj nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb (nyeem hnub qub) ntawm nws tus kheej raws li cov xov tooj cua ntuj thaum uas tus txiv neej induces li dag radioactivity.
xov tooj cua yog dab tsi?
Radioactivity yog qhov hloov pauv ntawm lub zog nuclear uas ua rau tsim cov ntsiab lus tshiab. Hauv lwm lo lus, radioactivity yog lub peev xwm tso tawm hluav taws xob. Muaj ntau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Nyob rau hauv ib txwm atom, lub nucleus yog ruaj khov. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv cov nuclei ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, muaj qhov tsis sib xws ntawm neutrons rau protons piv; yog li ntawd, lawv tsis ruaj khov. Yog li, txhawm rau ua kom ruaj khov, cov nuclei no yuav tawm cov khoom, thiab cov txheej txheem no yog cov xov tooj cua decay.
Daim duab 01: Kev sib tsoo thiab hluav taws xob tawg hauv daim duab
Txhua lub xov tooj cua muaj tus nqi ntawm kev lwj, uas peb hu ua nws ib nrab-lub neej. Ib nrab-lub neej qhia txog lub sij hawm uas cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yuav tsum tau txo mus rau ib nrab ntawm nws qhov qub. Cov kev hloov pauv tau suav nrog Alpha particle emission, Beta particle emission thiab orbital electron capture. Alpha hais tawm los ntawm ib tug nucleus ntawm ib tug atom thaum lub neutron rau proton ratio yog tsawg heev. Piv txwv li, Th-228 yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas tuaj yeem tso tawm alpha hais nrog lub zog sib txawv. Thaum ib tug beta particle emits, ib tug neutron nyob rau hauv ib tug nucleus converts mus rau hauv ib tug proton los ntawm emitting ib tug beta particle. P-32, H-3, C-14 yog cov ntshiab beta emitters. Radioactivity yog ntsuas los ntawm cov units, Becquerel los yog Curie.
Radiation yog dab tsi?
Radiation yog txheej txheem uas nthwv dej lossis lub zog hais lus (piv txwv li, Gamma rays, x-rays, photons) taug kev los ntawm qhov nruab nrab lossis qhov chaw. Lub nuclei tsis ruaj khov ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau sim ua kom ruaj khov los ntawm kev tawm hluav taws xob. Radiation yog nyob rau hauv ob hom xws li ionizing lossis tsis-ionizing hluav taws xob.
Ionizing hluav taws xob muaj lub zog siab, thiab thaum nws sib tsoo nrog lub atom, lub atom tau ionized, emitting ib tug particle (e.g. electron) los yog photons. Lub emission photon los yog particle yog hluav taws xob. Cov hluav taws xob thawj zaug yuav txuas ntxiv ionize lwm cov ntaub ntawv kom txog thaum tag nrho nws lub zog siv.
Daim duab 02: Alpha, Beta thiab Gamma Radiation
Tsis yog-ionizing hluav taws xob tsis tawm cov khoom los ntawm lwm cov ntaub ntawv, vim tias lawv lub zog qis dua. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv muaj lub zog txaus los txhawb cov electrons los ntawm qib av mus rau qib siab dua. Lawv yog hluav taws xob electromagnetic; Yog li, muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov hlau nplaum sib nqus ua ke rau ib leeg thiab mus rau yoj propagation direction.
Alpha emission, beta emission, X-rays, gamma rays yog ionizing hluav taws xob. Alpha particles muaj cov nqi zoo, thiab lawv zoo ib yam li cov nucleus ntawm He atom. Lawv tuaj yeem taug kev hla qhov deb heev (i.e. ob peb centimeters). Beta hais zoo ib yam li electrons loj thiab nqi. Lawv tuaj yeem taug kev ntev dua li alpha hais. Gamma thiab x-rays yog photons, tsis hais. Gamma rays los ntawm sab hauv lub nucleus thiab x-rays tsim nyob rau hauv lub plhaub electron ntawm ib lub atom. Ultraviolet, infrared, pom lub teeb, microwave yog qee qhov piv txwv rau cov hluav taws xob tsis-ionizing.
Qhov txawv ntawm Xov Tooj Cua thiab Radiation yog dab tsi?
Radioactivity yog qhov hloov pauv ntawm lub cev muaj zog nuclear uas ua rau tsim cov ntsiab lus tshiab thaum hluav taws xob yog cov txheej txheem uas tsis muaj zog los yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (xws li, gamma rays, x-rays, photons) mus los ntawm qhov nruab nrab lossis qhov chaw. Yog li, peb tuaj yeem hais tias qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob yog tias cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob yog cov txheej txheem uas qee cov ntsiab lus tso tawm hluav taws xob thaum hluav taws xob yog lub zog lossis cov khoom muaj zog uas tawm los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Nyob rau hauv luv luv, radioactivity yog ib tug txheej txheem thaum hluav taws xob yog ib hom ntawm lub zog.
Raws li lwm qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov xov tooj cua thiab hluav taws xob peb tuaj yeem hais qhov ntsuas ntsuas. Qhov ntawd yog; Chav ntsuas ntawm kev ntsuas hluav taws xob yog Becquerel lossis Curie qhov twg, rau hluav taws xob, peb siv cov ntsuas hluav taws xob xws li hluav taws xob volts (eV).
Summary – Radioactivity vs Radiation
Xov tooj cua thiab hluav taws xob yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb heev txog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob yog tias cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob yog cov txheej txheem uas qee cov ntsiab lus tso tawm hluav taws xob thaum hluav taws xob yog lub zog lossis cov khoom muaj zog uas tau tso tawm los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
