Minerals vs Metals
Ob qho tib si ntxhia thiab hlau muaj nyob hauv ib puag ncig ntuj.
Minerals
Cov ntxhia muaj nyob hauv ib puag ncig ntuj. Lawv tuaj yeem pom hauv ntiaj teb 's nto thiab hauv av. Lawv yog homogenous solids, thiab lawv muaj cov qauv tsis tu ncua. Minerals muaj nyob rau hauv pob zeb, ores thiab natural mineral deposits. Piv txwv li, hematite thiab magnetite muaj nyob hauv cov hlau ore. Minerals zoo li lub pov haum thiab pob zeb diamond yog tsawg. Muaj ntau cov zaub mov, thiab lawv tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas los ntawm kev kawm lawv cov duab, xim, qauv thiab cov khoom. Qee cov zaub mov ci ci (xws li kub, nyiaj) thiab qee qhov tsis yog. Cleavage yog txoj kev minerals sib cais ib txwm. Qee cov zaub mov tau faib ua lub voos xwmfab, thiab qee qhov sib cais rau cov duab tsis xwm yeem. Txhawm rau ntsuas qhov hardness ntawm cov ntxhia, Mohs nplai yog siv. Nws yog 1-10 scale. Pob zeb diamond raug ntsuas raws li 10 hauv qhov ntsuas, thiab nyuaj tshaj talc, uas yog ntsuas li 1.
Metal
Hlau yog paub rau tib neeg lub sijhawm ntev heev. Muaj cov pov thawj los ua pov thawj txog kev siv hlau rov qab rau xyoo 6000 BC. Kub thiab tooj liab yog thawj cov hlau uas tau pom. Cov no tau siv los ua cov cuab yeej, cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, cov mlom thiab lwm yam. Txij thaum ntawd los tsuas yog ob peb lwm yam hlau (17) tau pom. Tam sim no peb paub txog 86 hom hlau sib txawv.
Hlau tseem ceeb heev vim lawv cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb. Feem ntau cov hlau yog tawv thiab muaj zog (tseem muaj kev zam rau qhov no xws li sodium. Sodium tuaj yeem txiav los ntawm riam). Mercury yog cov hlau uas nyob hauv lub xeev ua kua. Dhau li ntawm mercury, tag nrho lwm cov hlau muaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom muaj zog, thiab nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau tawg los yog hloov lawv cov duab piv rau lwm yam uas tsis yog hlau. Cov hlau muaj qhov ci ntsa iab thiab feem ntau ntawm lawv muaj qhov ci ci (tshwj tsis yog kub thiab tooj liab). Txij li thaum qee cov hlau muaj zog heev nrog cov pa cua zoo li cov pa oxygen, lawv yuav tau txais cov xim du thaum lub sijhawm. Qhov no feem ntau yog los ntawm kev tsim cov hlau oxide txheej. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov hlau zoo li kub thiab platinum yog qhov ruaj khov thiab tsis muaj zog. Cov hlau yog Malleable thiab ductile, uas tso cai rau lawv siv los ua tej yam cuab yeej.
Metals yog atoms, uas tuaj yeem tsim cations los ntawm kev tshem cov electrons. Yog li lawv yog electropositive. Hom kev sib txuas ntawm cov hlau atoms hu ua metallic bonding. Cov hlau tso tawm electrons nyob rau hauv lawv cov plhaub sab nrauv thiab cov electrons tau tawg ntawm cov hlau cations. Yog li ntawd, lawv lub npe hu ua lub hiav txwv ntawm delocalized electrons. Cov electrostatic kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov electrons thiab cations yog hu ua metallic bonding. Cov electrons tuaj yeem txav tau; yog li ntawd, hlau muaj peev xwm ua tau hluav taws xob. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv yog cov thermal conductors zoo. Vim yog cov hlau nplaum sib txuas hlau muaj cov qauv txiav txim. Cov ntsiab lus melting siab thiab cov ntsiab lus kub ntawm cov hlau kuj yog vim qhov kev sib txuas ntawm cov hlau muaj zog.
Ntxiv mus, cov hlau muaj qhov ntom ntom dua li dej. Cov ntsiab lus hauv pawg IA thiab IIA yog cov hlau teeb. Lawv muaj qee qhov txawv ntawm cov lus piav qhia saum toj no ntawm cov hlau.
Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm Minerals thiab Hlau?
• Hlau yog ib yam khoom thiab ntxhia yog ib qho compound.
• Feem ntau cov hlau yog ib txwm muaj raws li cov ntxhia.
• Hlau yog reactive dua li ntxhia.
• Hlau thiab lwm yam minerals ntawm cov hlau muaj qhov sib txawv thiab lwm yam khoom.
