Intermolecular Forces vs Intra-molecular Forces
Intermolecular Forces
Intermolecular rog yog lub zog ntawm cov nyob sib ze molecules, atoms lossis lwm yam hais. Cov no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev ntxim nyiam lossis kev xav tsis thoob. Ntxim nyiam intermolecular rog tuav cov khoom ua ke thiab, yog li ntawd, cov no yog qhov tseem ceeb los ua cov khoom loj. Tag nrho cov molecules muaj lub zog intermolecular nruab nrab ntawm lawv, thiab qee qhov ntawm cov zog no tsis muaj zog, thiab qee qhov muaj zog. Muaj ntau hom kev sib cuam tshuam hauv qab no.
• Hydrogen bond
• Ion- dipole rog
• Dipole- dipole
• Ion-induced dipole
• Dipole-induced dipole
• London / dispersion rog
Thaum hydrogen txuas rau lub atom electronegative xws li fluorine, oxygen lossis nitrogen, qhov kev sib txuas ntawm cov polar yuav tshwm sim. Vim hais tias ntawm electronegativity, cov electrons nyob rau hauv daim ntawv cog lus yuav ntau attracted rau lub electronegative atom tshaj hydrogen atom. Yog li ntawd, hydrogen atom yuav tau txais ib feem zoo nqi, qhov ntau electronegative atom yuav tau txais ib feem tsis zoo nqi. Thaum ob lub molecules uas muaj qhov sib cais ntawm cov nqi no nyob ze, yuav muaj lub zog txaus nyiam ntawm hydrogen thiab cov atom uas tsis zoo. Qhov kev nyiam no hu ua hydrogen bonding. Hauv qee cov molecules, muaj peev xwm sib cais vim qhov sib txawv ntawm electronegativity. Yog li ntawd, cov molecules muaj ib tug dipole. Thaum ib qho ion nyob ze, nruab nrab ntawm lub ion thiab qhov oppositely them kawg ntawm lub molecule yuav tsim electrostatic kev sib cuam tshuam, uas yog hu ua ion-dipole rog. Qee lub sij hawm, thaum qhov kawg ntawm ib qho molecule thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm lwm cov molecule nyob ze, ib qho kev cuam tshuam electrostatic yuav tsim ntawm ob lub molecules. Qhov no yog hu ua dipole dipole kev sib cuam tshuam. Muaj qee qhov symmetrical molecules xws li H2, Cl2 qhov twg tsis muaj nqi sib cais. Txawm li cas los xij, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tas li txav mus rau hauv cov molecules no. Yog li yuav muaj kev sib cais tam sim hauv cov molecule yog tias cov hluav taws xob txav mus rau ib qho kawg ntawm cov molecule. Qhov kawg nrog lub electron yuav muaj qhov tsis zoo ib ntus, thaum lwm qhov kawg yuav muaj tus nqi zoo. Cov dipoles ib ntus no tuaj yeem ua rau lub dipole nyob rau hauv cov molecule nyob sib ze thiab tom qab ntawd, kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov ncej tuaj yeem tshwm sim. Qhov kev sib cuam tshuam zoo li no yog lub npe hu ua kev sib cuam tshuam tam sim ntawm dipole-induced dipole. Thiab qhov no yog ib hom Van der Waals rog, uas yog cais los ntawm London dispersion rog.
Intra-molecular Forces
Cov no yog cov rog ntawm cov atoms ntawm ib lub molecule los yog compound. Lawv khi atoms rau ib leeg thiab ua kom cov molecule tsis tawg. Muaj peb hom intra-molecular rog li covalent, ionic thiab metallic bonding.
Thaum ob lub atoms zoo sib xws lossis qis heev electronegativity sib txawv, hnov qab ua ke, lawv tsim ib daim ntawv cog lus los ntawm kev sib koom electrons. Tsis tas li ntawd, atoms tuaj yeem nce lossis poob electrons thiab tsim cov khoom tsis zoo lossis qhov zoo them nqi raws li. Cov khoom no hu ua ions. Muaj kev sib cuam tshuam electrostatic ntawm cov ions. Ionic bonding yog lub zog txaus nyiam ntawm cov ions oppositely them. Cov hlau tso tawm electrons nyob rau hauv lawv cov plhaub sab nrauv thiab cov electrons tau tawg ntawm cov hlau cations. Yog li ntawd, lawv lub npe hu ua lub hiav txwv ntawm delocalized electrons. Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm electrostatic ntawm cov electrons thiab cations yog hu ua metallic bonding.
Qhov txawv ntawm Intermolecular thiab Intra-molecular Forces yog dab tsi?
• Intermolecular rog yog tsim los ntawm molecules thiab, intra-molecular rog yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub molecule.
• Intra-molecular rog muaj zog ntau dua piv rau cov rog intermolecular.
• Covalent, ionic, thiab metallic bondings yog hom intra-molecular rog. Dipole-dipole, dipole-induced dipole, dispersion rog, hydrogen bonding yog ib co piv txwv rau intermolecular rog.
