Qhov txawv ntawm D Block Elements thiab Hloov Hloov Cov Ntsiab Lus

2024 Tus sau: Alex Aldridge | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 13:40

Qhov Tseem Ceeb Qhov txawv - D Block Elements vs Transition Elements

Qhov sib txawv ntawm D-block ntsiab thiab cov ntsiab lus hloov pauv yog qhov tsis meej pem. Ob lo lus yog siv sib hloov, thiab ntau tus neeg siv lo lus 'kev hloov pauv' rau d-block ntsiab. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm D-block cov ntsiab lus thiab cov ntsiab lus hloov pauv yog tias thaum tag nrho cov kev hloov pauv yog D-block ntsiab, tsis yog tag nrho cov ntsiab lus D-block yog qhov hloov pauv. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias d-block ntsiab muaj d-electrons hauv d-sub plhaub. Kev hloov pauv cov ntsiab lus yog cov ntsiab lus uas tsim cov ions ruaj khov uas tsis ua tiav d -orbitals. Piv txwv li, Zinc thiab Scandium yog d-block ntsiab; tab sis tsis hloov cov ntsiab lus.

D-block Elements yog dab tsi?

D-block ntsiab tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas kom meej siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab txoj haujlwm ntawm lub rooj zaum. Lub ntsiab feature ntawm d-block caij yog muaj tsawg kawg yog ib tug electron nyob rau hauv lub d-sub plhaub. Qhov txawv txav tshwm sim thaum lub filling ntawm electrons raws li Aufbau lub hauv paus ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv d-block ntsiab yog, 4s -electrons yog thawj zaug sau ua ntej 3d -electrons; uas txhais tau tias 3d-electrons muaj zog dua 4s-electrons. Tab sis, thaum lawv tshem tawm electrons los ua ions; 4s -electrons yog thawj zaug tshem tawm ntawm lub atom.

Element		Electron Configuration
Scandium	Sc	[Ar] 3d14s2
YTitanium	Ti	[Ar] 3d24s2
Vanadium	V	[Ar] 3d34s2
Chromium	Cr	[Ar] 3d54s1
Manganese	Mn	[Ar] 3d54s2
	Fe	[Ar] 3d64s2
Cob alt	co	[Ar] 3d74s2
Nickel	Ni	[Ar] 3d84s2
Copper	Cu	[Ar] 3d104s1
Zinc	Zn	[Ar] 3d104s2

Note: [Ar]=1s²2s²2p⁶3s 2^3p6

Txoj Kev Hloov Pauv yog dab tsi?

Kev hloov pauv cov ntsiab lus yog cov ntsiab lus uas tsim cov ions ruaj khov nrog tsis tiav d-orbitals. Thaum ions raug tsim los ntawm d-block ntsiab; lawv thawj zaug tshem tawm cov s -electrons (n-level) thiab tom qab ntawd tshem tawm d -electrons (n-1 qib). Zinc thiab Scandium yog ob yam tshwj xeeb hauv d-block; lawv tsis tsim ions uas tsis tiav d -orbitals; yog li ntawd lawv tsis raug suav hais tias yog kev hloov pauv. Tag nrho lwm cov ntsiab lus hauv d-pawg daim ntawv ruaj khov ions uas nws tau ua tsis tiav d -electrons.

Transition Metal Solutions

D-block Elements thiab Transition Elements txawv yog dab tsi?

Definition of D-block Elements and Transition Elements

D-Block Elements: Cov ntsiab lus muaj ib lossis ntau dua d- electron hauv d- sub plhaub yog hu ua d-block ntsiab. Feem ntau ntawm cov ntsiab lus d-block yog hlau.

Hloov Cov Ntsiab Lus: Cov ntsiab lus uas tuaj yeem tsim cov ions ruaj khov nrog cov tsis tiav d -orbitals yog hu ua cov ntsiab lus hloov pauv.

Note:

Zn thiab Sc tsis yog qhov hloov pauv. Lawv tsis tsim tsuas yog Zn²⁺thiab Sc^{3+ ions, uas tsis muaj d-orbitals.}

Zn²⁺=1s²2s²2p⁶ 3s²3p⁶3d¹⁰

Sc³⁺=1s²2s²2p⁶ 3s²3p⁶3d¹⁰

Cov ions hauv qab no muaj cov d-orbitals uas tsis tau ua tiav. Yog li ntawd, cov ntsiab lus no suav tias yog cov khoom hloov pauv.

Cu²⁺=1s²2s²2p⁶ 3s²3p⁶3d⁹

Ni⁴⁺=1s²2s²2p⁶ 3s²3p⁶3d⁶

Mn²⁺=1s²2s²2p⁶ 3s²3p⁶3d⁵

Fe²⁺=1s²2s²2p⁶ 3s²3p⁶3d⁶

Oxidation States:

D-Block Elements: Qee qhov D-block hais qhia ntau lub xeev oxidation thiab ob peb ntawm lawv qhia ib lub xeev oxidation.

Example:

Zinc qhia tsuas yog +2 lub xeev oxidation thiab Scandium qhia tsuas yog +3 oxidation xeev.

Lwm yam hauv d-block qhia ntau lub xeev oxidation.

Hloov Cov Ntsiab Lus: Cov ntsiab lus hloov pauv qhia ntau lub xeev oxidation. Yam tsawg kawg ib lub xeev muaj d -orbitals uas tsis tau sau.

Example:

Titanium +2, +4

Vanadium +2, +3, +4, +5

Chromium +2, +3, +6

Manganese +2, +3, +4, +6, +7

Ferrous +2, +3

Cob alt +2, +3

Nickel +2, +4

Copper +1, +2