Qhov Sib Txawv Ntawm Cov Hlau Hloov Pauv thiab Cov Hlau Hloov Sab Hauv

2024 Tus sau: Alex Aldridge | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 13:40

Transition Metals vs Inner Transition Metals

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub rooj sib tham tau teem caij raws li tus qauv ascending nyob ntawm seb cov electrons tau ntim rau hauv qib atomic zog thiab lawv cov subshells. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom no qhia txog kev sib raug zoo nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Yog li ntawd, cov cheeb tsam ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas muaj cov khoom zoo sib xws tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas thiab thaiv kom yooj yim. Thawj ob kab hauv lub rooj zaum muaj cov ntsiab lus uas qhov kawg electron tau sau rau hauv 's' subshell, li no hu ua 's-block'. Qhov kawg rau kab ntawm lub rooj ncua sij hawm muaj cov ntsiab lus uas qhov kawg electron tau ntim rau hauv 'p' subshell, yog li hu ua 'p-block'. Ib yam li kab ntawm 3-12 muaj cov ntsiab lus uas lub xeem electron tau sau rau hauv 'd' subshell, yog li hu ua 'd-block'. Thaum kawg, cov ntsiab lus ntxiv uas feem ntau sau ua ob kab sib cais nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub rooj ntu ntu lossis qee zaum sau nyob nruab nrab ntawm kab 2 thiab 3 raws li qhov txuas ntxiv hu ua 'f-block' raws li lawv cov hluav taws xob zaum kawg tau sau rau hauv 'f' subshell. Cov ntsiab lus 'd-block' tseem hu ua 'Transition Metals' thiab cov 'f-block' tseem hu ua 'Inner Transition Metals'.

Transition Metals

Cov ntsiab lus no tuaj rau hauv daim duab pib ntawm kab 4 thiab lo lus 'hloov' tau siv vim nws txuas ntxiv cov hluav taws xob hauv lub plhaub ua rau qhov ruaj khov '8 electron' teeb tsa rau '18 electron' teeb tsa. Raws li tau hais los saum no, cov ntsiab lus hauv d-block yog nyob rau hauv pawg no uas nthuav tawm los ntawm pawg 3-12 nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub sij hawm thiab tag nrho cov ntsiab lus yog hlau, li no lub npe 'hloov pauv'. Cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv 4^th kab, pawg 3-12, sib sau ua ke hu ua thawj kev hloov pauv, 5^th kab raws li kev hloov thib ob, thiab lwm yam. Cov ntsiab lus hauv thawj qhov kev hloov pauv muaj xws li; Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn. Feem ntau, cov hlau hloov pauv tau hais tias tsis muaj d sub-plhaub li no cov ntsiab lus xws li Zn, Cd, thiab Hg, uas yog nyob rau hauv 12 ^{thkab, zoo li yuav raug cais tawm ntawm kev hloov pauv..}

Apart from muaj tag nrho cov hlau, cov d-block ntsiab muaj ob peb lwm yam ntxwv yam ntxwv uas muab lawv tus kheej. Feem ntau ntawm kev hloov pauv cov hlau sib txuas yog xim. Qhov no yog vim qhov hloov pauv hluav taws xob d-d; i.e. KMnO₄ (liab), [Fe(CN)₆^4- (ntshav liab), CuSO₄ (xiav), K₂CrO_{4 (daj) thiab lwm yam. exhibition ntawm ntau lub xeev oxidation. Tsis zoo li cov ntsiab lus s-block thiab p-block, feem ntau ntawm cov ntsiab lus d-block muaj ntau yam oxidation xeev; i.e. Mn (0 txog +7). Qhov zoo no tau ua rau cov hlau hloov pauv ua cov catalysts zoo hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv qhia cov khoom sib nqus thiab tseem ceeb ua raws li paramagnets thaum muaj cov electrons tsis sib xws.}

Inner Transition Metals

Raws li tau hais hauv kev taw qhia, cov ntsiab lus ntawm f-block poob rau hauv qeb no. Cov ntsiab lus no tseem hu ua ' rare earth metals '. Cov koob no suav nrog tom qab 2^nd kem raws li hauv qab ob kab txuas mus rau d-block nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ncua sij hawm los yog ob kab sib cais nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub sij hawm. 1^st kab hu ua 'Lanthanides', thiab 2^{nd kab hu ua 'Actinides'. Ob qho tib si lanthanides thiab actinides muaj cov tshuaj zoo sib xws, thiab lawv cov khoom sib txawv los ntawm tag nrho lwm cov ntsiab lus vim qhov xwm ntawm f orbitals. (Nyeem qhov txawv ntawm Actinides thiab Lanthanides.) Electrons nyob rau hauv cov orbitals yog faus rau hauv lub atom thiab shielded los ntawm sab electrons thiab, vim li ntawd, cov chemistry ntawm cov tebchaw no loj nyob ntawm qhov loj. Ex: La/Ce/Tb (lanthanides), Ac/U/Am (actinides).}

Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm Transition Metals thiab Inner Transition Metals?

• Cov hlau hloov pauv muaj cov ntsiab lus d-block whereas inner transformation metals muaj f-block element.

• Cov hlau hloov pauv sab hauv muaj tsawg dua li cov hlau hloov pauv thiab yog li hu ua 'cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb'.

• Kev hloov pauv hlau chemistry feem ntau yog vim qhov sib txawv ntawm cov lej oxidation, whereas inner transformation metal chemistry yog nyob ntawm qhov loj ntawm atomic.

• Kev hloov pauv hlau feem ntau yog siv hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv redox, tab sis kev siv cov hlau sab hauv hloov pauv rau lub hom phiaj no tsis tshua muaj.

Kuj, nyeem Qhov Sib Txawv Ntawm Kev Hloov Pauv Hlau thiab Hlau