Saturated vs Unsaturated
Cov lus "saturated" thiab "unsaturated" yog siv nrog cov ntsiab lus sib txawv hauv chemistry hauv ntau zaus.
Saturated
Saturation txhais tau tias tuav tsis tau ntau dua lossis ua tiav tag.
Hauv cov tshuaj lom neeg, cov dej saturated hydrocarbons tuaj yeem raug hu ua alkanes. Lawv muaj ntau tshaj plaws ntawm hydrogen atoms, uas ib tug molecule yuav haum. Txhua daim ntawv cog lus ntawm carbon atoms thiab hydrogens yog ib daim ntawv cog lus. Vim tias qhov kev sib hloov ntawm daim ntawv cog lus tau tso cai ntawm ib qho atoms. Lawv yog hom yooj yim tshaj plaws ntawm hydrocarbons. Saturated hydrocarbons muaj cov qauv dav dav ntawm C nH 2n + 2. Cov xwm txheej no txawv me ntsis rau cycloalkanes vim lawv muaj cov qauv cyclic.
Saturated kuj yog siv los xa mus rau lub xeev ntawm cov tshuaj uas tsis muaj cov kuab tshuaj ntxiv tuaj yeem yaj hauv nws. Hauv lwm lo lus, qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov kuab tshuaj yog yaj hauv cov kuab tshuaj. Yog li ntawd, thaum ntxiv cov kuab tshuaj ntxiv rau nws, cov kuab tshuaj molecules zoo li precipitate (los yog tshwm sim raws li ib ntus cais) yam tsis tau yaj. Qhov taw tes saturation nyob ntawm qhov kub, siab, qhov hnyav, thiab qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov tshuaj.
Hauv kev tshawb fawb ib puag ncig, kev ua kom cov av los yog lub cev dej nrog lub ntsiab lus (xws li av yog saturated nrog nitrogen) txhais tau tias nws tsis tuaj yeem khaws cov khoom ntxiv. Qee lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem nto, peb hais tias daim nyias nyias los yog saum npoo yog saturated. Piv txwv li, lub hauv paus saturation txhais tau hais tias qhov saum npoo tau ntim tag nrho nrog lub hauv paus cations, uas tuaj yeem hloov pauv tau. Nyob rau hauv organometallic chemistry, ib tug saturated complex txhais tau tias thaum muaj 18 valence electrons. Qhov ntawd txhais tau hais tias cov compound yog coordinatively saturated (muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm ligands). Yog li lawv tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv thiab oxidative ntxiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Thaum cov protein tau hais kom saturated, qhov ntawd txhais tau hais tias tag nrho nws qhov chaw khi tau nyob ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd.
Unsaturated
Lo lus "tsis txaus" muab lub ntsiab lus ntawm "tsis puv." Yog li nws muaj lub ntsiab lus ntawm saturate.
Hauv cov hydrocarbons unsaturated, muaj ob lossis peb npaug ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms. Txij li thaum muaj ntau daim ntawv cog lus, qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm hydrogen atoms tsis nyob rau hauv lub molecule. Alkenes thiab alkynes yog piv txwv rau unsaturated hydrocarbons. Tsis yog cyclic molecules nrog ob daim ntawv cog lus muaj cov qauv dav dav ntawm C nH 2n., thiab alkynes muaj cov qauv dav dav ntawm C n H 2n-2. Vim yog cov ntawv cog lus tsis txaus ntseeg, cov molecules tuaj yeem raug tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntxiv, uas saturated hydrocarbons tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus. Piv txwv li, thaum ib qho alkene reacted nrog bromine kua, ob bromine atoms yog ntxiv rau cov carbon atoms qhov twg ob daim ntawv cog lus.
Unsaturated cov kuab tshuaj tsis yog tag nrho nrog cov kuab tshuaj, yog li lawv muaj peev xwm yaj ntau cov kuab tshuaj hauv nws. Hauv organometallic chemistry, unsaturated compounds muaj tsawg dua 18 electrons, yog li lawv tuaj yeem hloov pauv thiab oxidative ntxiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm Saturated thiab Unsaturated?
• Saturated txhais tau tias puv whereas unsaturated txhais tias tsis puv.
• Nyob rau hauv saturated hydrocarbons, tag nrho cov bonds yog ib daim ntawv cog lus. Nyob rau hauv unsaturated hydrocarbons, ob daim ntawv cog lus thiab triple bonds kuj muaj.
• Thaum cov tshuaj saturated, ntau cov kuab tshuaj tsis tuaj yeem yaj hauv nws. Thaum cov tshuaj tsis txaus, nws tuaj yeem muaj ntau cov kuab tshuaj yaj hauv nws.
• Nyob rau hauv organometallic chemistry, ib tug saturated complex txhais tau tias thaum muaj 18 valence electrons. Yog li lawv tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv thiab oxidative ntxiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Unsaturated compounds muaj tsawg dua 18 electrons, yog li lawv tuaj yeem hloov pauv thiab oxidative ntxiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
