Kev hloov pauv hlau vs hlau
Cov ntsiab lus hauv lub rooj ntu ntu tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob ntu; raws li cov hlau thiab nonmetals. Ntawm cov no, feem ntau yog hlau, thiab muaj tsawg dua ntawm cov khoom tsis yog hlau hauv p block.
Metals
Hlau tau paub rau tib neeg tau ntev heev. Muaj cov pov thawj los ua pov thawj txog kev siv hlau rov qab rau xyoo 6000 BC. Kub thiab tooj liab yog thawj cov hlau uas tau pom. Cov no tau siv los ua cov cuab yeej, cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, cov mlom, thiab lwm yam. Txij thaum ntawd los, tsuas yog ob peb lwm yam hlau (17) tau pom. Tam sim no peb paub txog 86 hom hlau sib txawv. Cov hlau tseem ceeb heev vim lawv cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb. Feem ntau cov hlau yog tawv thiab muaj zog (tseem muaj kev zam rau qhov no xws li sodium. Sodium tuaj yeem txiav los ntawm riam). Mercury yog cov hlau, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub xeev ua kua. Dhau li ntawm mercury, tag nrho lwm cov hlau muaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom muaj zog, thiab nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau tawg los yog hloov lawv cov duab piv rau lwm yam nonmetal ntsiab. Cov hlau muaj qhov ci ntsa iab. Feem ntau ntawm lawv muaj ib tug silvery ci (tshwj tsis yog kub thiab tooj liab). Txij li thaum qee cov hlau muaj zog heev nrog cov pa cua zoo li cov pa oxygen, lawv yuav tau txais cov xim du thaum lub sijhawm. Qhov no feem ntau yog los ntawm kev tsim cov hlau oxide txheej. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov hlau zoo li kub thiab platinum yog qhov ruaj khov thiab tsis muaj zog. Cov hlau yog Malleable thiab ductile, uas tso cai rau lawv siv los ua qee yam cuab yeej. Cov hlau yog atoms, uas tuaj yeem tsim cations los ntawm kev tshem tawm cov electrons. Yog li lawv yog electro-positive. Hom kev sib txuas ntawm cov hlau atoms hu ua metallic bonding. Cov hlau tso tawm electrons nyob rau hauv lawv cov plhaub sab nrauv thiab cov electrons tau tawg ntawm cov hlau cations. Yog li ntawd, lawv lub npe hu ua lub hiav txwv ntawm delocalized electrons. Cov electrostatic kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov electrons thiab cations yog hu ua metallic bonding. Cov electrons tuaj yeem txav tau; yog li ntawd, hlau muaj peev xwm ua tau hluav taws xob. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv yog cov thermal conductors zoo. Vim yog kev sib txuas ntawm cov hlau, cov hlau muaj cov qauv txiav txim. Cov ntsiab lus melting siab thiab cov ntsiab lus kub ntawm cov hlau kuj yog vim qhov kev sib txuas ntawm cov hlau muaj zog. Ntxiv mus, cov hlau muaj qhov ntom ntom dua li dej. Cov ntsiab lus hauv pawg IA thiab IIA yog cov hlau teeb. Lawv muaj qee qhov txawv ntawm cov lus piav qhia saum toj no ntawm cov hlau.
Transition Metals
Raws li IUPAC txhais, kev hloov pauv hlau yog ib qho khoom uas nws lub atom muaj qhov tsis tiav d sub-plhaub, lossis uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov cations tsis tiav d sub-plhaub . Peb ib txwm coj d thaiv cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub rooj zaum raws li cov hlau hloov pauv. Tag nrho cov no muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau, tab sis lawv txawv me ntsis ntawm cov hlau hauv s block thiab p block. Qhov laj thawj rau qhov sib txawv no feem ntau yog vim cov d electrons. Cov hlau hloov pauv tuaj yeem muaj ntau yam oxidation xeev hauv cov tebchaw. Feem ntau, lawv cov reactivity qis dua piv rau lwm cov hlau (piv txwv li cov hlau hauv qhov thaiv). Cov hlau hloov pauv muaj peev xwm tsim cov xim sib xyaw vim d-d kev hloov hluav taws xob. Ntxiv mus, lawv tuaj yeem tsim cov tshuaj paramagnetic. Dhau li ntawm cov khoom no, lawv muaj cov khoom siv hlau dav dav vim yog cov hlau sib txuas. Lawv yog cov hluav taws xob zoo thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, muaj cov ntsiab lus melting siab, cov ntsiab lus kub thiab ntom, thiab lwm yam.
Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm Transition Metals thiab Metals?
• Cov hlau hloov pauv yog nyob rau pawg hlau.
• d thaiv cov ntsiab lus yog, feem ntau, hu ua cov hlau hloov pauv.
• Hloov pauv cov hlau tsis tshua muaj zog dua piv rau lwm cov hlau.
• Cov hlau hloov pauv tuaj yeem tsim cov xim sib xyaw.
• Cov hlau hloov pauv tuaj yeem muaj ntau yam oxidation xeev nyob rau hauv cov tebchaw, tab sis lwm yam hlau tuaj yeem muaj tsawg lub xeev oxidation (feem ntau ntawm ib lub xeev).
