YProtein Synthesis vs DNA Replication
Proteins thiab DNA muab cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws los tswj lub neej hauv ntiaj teb. Qhov tseeb, cov proteins txiav txim siab cov duab thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kab mob thaum DNA khaws cov ntaub ntawv xav tau rau qhov ntawd. Yog li ntawd, kev sib txuas ntawm cov protein thiab DNA replication tuaj yeem nkag siab tias yog cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb uas tshwm sim hauv cov hlwb nyob. Ob qho txheej txheem no pib los ntawm nucleotide ib ntus ntawm nucleic acid strand, tab sis cov no yog txoj hauv kev sib txawv. Cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb ntawm ob txoj kev tau piav qhia, thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv tau tham hauv kab lus no.
YProtein Synthesis
Protein synthesis yog cov txheej txheem lom neeg uas tshwm sim hauv lub hlwb ntawm cov kab mob hauv peb kauj ruam tseem ceeb hu ua Transcription, RNA ua, thiab Kev Txhais Lus. Nyob rau hauv cov kauj ruam transcription, nucleotide sequence ntawm cov noob nyob rau hauv DNA strand yog transcribed rau hauv RNA. Thawj kauj ruam no zoo ib yam li DNA replication tshwj tsis yog qhov tshwm sim yog ib txoj hlua ntawm RNA hauv cov protein synthesis. DNA strand raug dismantled nrog DNA helicase enzyme, RNA polymerase yog txuas rau ntawm qhov chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov pib ntawm cov noob hu ua tus txhawb nqa, thiab RNA strand yog synthesized raws cov noob. Qhov kev tsim tshiab RNA strand no hu ua tus xa xov RNA (mRNA).
Lub mRNA strand siv cov nucleotide ib ntus rau ribosomes rau kev ua RNA. Tshwj xeeb tRNA (hloov RNA) molecules yuav paub txog cov amino acids cuam tshuam hauv cytoplasm. Tom qab ntawd, tRNA molecules txuas nrog rau cov amino acids tshwj xeeb. Hauv txhua tRNA molecule, muaj ib ntu ntawm peb nucleotides. Ib qho ribosome nyob rau hauv cytoplasm yog txuas mus rau mRNA strand, thiab pib codon (tus txhawb nqa) raug txheeb xyuas. Cov tRNA molecules nrog cov nucleotides sib thooj rau mRNA ib ntus raug txav mus rau hauv lub subunit loj ntawm ribosome. Raws li tRNA molecules tuaj rau lub ribosome, cov amino acid sib raug zoo nrog cov amino acid tom ntej hauv cov kab ke los ntawm peptide daim ntawv cog lus. Cov kauj ruam kawg no hu ua kev txhais lus; qhov tseeb, qhov no yog qhov tseeb cov protein synthesis tshwm sim.
Cov duab ntawm cov protein yog txiav txim siab los ntawm ntau hom amino acids hauv cov saw hlau, uas tau txuas nrog tRNA molecules, tab sis tRNA tshwj xeeb rau mRNA ib ntus. Li no, nws yog qhov tseeb tias cov protein molecules piav qhia cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia hauv DNA molecule. Txawm li cas los xij, protein synthesis tuaj yeem pib los ntawm RNA strand, thiab.
DNA Replication
DNA replication yog tus txheej txheem ntawm tsim ob DNA zoo tib yam strands los ntawm ib tug, thiab nws muaj ib tug series ntawm cov txheej txheem. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem no tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm S theem ntawm Interphase ntawm cell voj voog los yog cell division. Nws yog cov txheej txheem siv hluav taws xob thiab feem ntau peb lub ntsiab enzymes hu ua DNA helicase, DNA polymerase, thiab DNA ligase tau koom nrog hauv kev tswj cov txheej txheem no. Ua ntej, DNA helicase dismantles ob chav helix qauv ntawm DNA strand los ntawm rhuav cov hydrogen bonds ntawm cov nitrogenous bases ntawm cov tawm tsam strands. Qhov kev tshem tawm no pib los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm DNA strand thiab tsis yog los ntawm nruab nrab. Yog li, DNA helicase tuaj yeem suav tias yog kev txwv tsis pub dhau.
Tom qab nthuav tawm cov nitrogenous hauv paus ntawm tib DNA stranded, cov Deoxyribonucleotides sib raug raws li lub hauv paus sib lawv liag thiab cov hydrogen bonds yog tsim los ntawm DNA polymerase enzyme. Cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb no tshwm sim ntawm ob qho tib si DNA. Thaum kawg, phosphodiester bonds yog tsim los ntawm cov nucleotides ua tiav, ua kom tiav cov DNA strand siv DNA ligase enzyme. Thaum kawg ntawm tag nrho cov kauj ruam no, ob lub DNA zoo tib yam yog tsim los ntawm ib leej niam DNA strand.
Qhov txawv ntawm Protein Synthesis thiab DNA Replication
| YProtein Synthesis | DNA Replication |
| Qhov kawg tshwm sim yog protein | End result is a DNA strand |
| RNA koom nrog txheej txheem | Tsuas DNA koom nrog hauv txheej txheem |
| Qhov no tuaj yeem pib los ntawm DNA lossis RNA | Qhov no yog pib los ntawm DNA nkaus xwb |
| Ib txoj saw hlau tshiab tau tsim | Ib qho DNA tshiab tau tsim |
| Peb kauj ruam tseem ceeb koom nrog | Qhov no yog qhov sib piv rau thawj zaug ntawm peb kauj ruam tseem ceeb |
| Ua qhov chaw hauv lub nucleus, mitochondria, thiab cytoplasm | Ua qhov chaw hauv lub nucleus nkaus xwb, tab sis qee zaum hauv mitochondria, thiab |
