Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm isotopes thiab cov ntsiab lus yog tias cov isotopes yog cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv ntawm tib cov tshuaj lom neeg thaum lub ntsiab yog hom ntawm atoms muaj tib tus naj npawb ntawm protons hauv atomic nuclei.
Ib yam zoo sib xws ntawm atoms tuaj yeem hloov pauv me ntsis los tsim cov isotopes sib txawv. Ib lub caij yuav muaj ob peb isotopes. Qhov xwm ntawm txhua tus isotope pab txhawb rau qhov xwm txheej. Ntawm no, peb yuav tham txog qhov nthuav dav txog cov isotopes thiab cov ntsiab lus txhawm rau txhawm rau qhia qhov txawv ntawm isotopes thiab cov ntsiab lus.
Isotopes yog dab tsi?
Atoms ntawm tib lub ntsiab tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm ib leeg. Cov atoms sib txawv ntawm tib lub ntsiab yog isotopes. Lawv sib txawv ntawm ib leeg los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov neutrons. Txij li tus naj npawb neutron txawv, lawv cov lej kuj txawv. Txawm li cas los xij, cov isotopes ntawm tib lub caij muaj tib tus lej ntawm protons. Hauv qhov xwm txheej, cov isotopes sib txawv tshwm sim hauv ntau qhov sib txawv. Yog li ntawd, peb tuaj yeem muab lawv qhov tshwm sim raws li qhov feem pua tus nqi hu ua txheeb ze abundance. Piv txwv li, hydrogen muaj peb isotopes xws li protium, deuterium thiab tritium. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov protons hauv lawv cov atomic nuclei yog tib yam, tab sis tus naj npawb ntawm cov neutrons txawv. Lawv cov neutrons thiab cov txheeb ze abundance yog raws li nram no.
- 1 H – tsis muaj neutrons, txheeb ze abundance yog 99.985%
- 2 H- ib neutron, txheeb ze abundance yog 0.015%
- 3 H- ob neutrons, txheeb ze abundance yog 0 %
Daim duab 01: Isotopes ntawm Hydrogen
Tus naj npawb ntawm neutrons ib lub nucleus tuaj yeem tuav txawv ntawm lub caij mus rau lub caij. Ntawm cov isotopes, tsuas yog qee qhov ruaj khov. Piv txwv li, oxygen muaj peb lub isotopes ruaj khov, thiab tin muaj kaum isotopes ruaj khov. Feem ntau, cov ntsiab lus yooj yim muaj tib tus lej neutron li tus lej proton. Tab sis hauv cov ntsiab lus hnyav, ntau neutrons muaj ntau dua li cov protons.
Ntxiv mus, tus naj npawb ntawm cov neutrons yog qhov tseem ceeb kom sib npaug ntawm kev ruaj ntseg ntawm nuclei. Thaum cov nuclei hnyav dhau lawm, lawv tsis ruaj khov thiab yog li ntawd, cov isotopes dhau los ua cov xov tooj cua. Piv txwv li, 238 U emits hluav taws xob thiab lwj mus rau hauv ntau lub nuclei me. Isotopes tuaj yeem muaj cov khoom sib txawv vim lawv qhov sib txawv. Piv txwv li, lawv tuaj yeem muaj qhov sib txawv. Yog li, lawv cov NMR spectra txawv. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tus lej electron zoo ib yam ua rau muaj kev coj cwj pwm zoo sib xws.
Dab tsi yog Elements?
Peb yeej paub lo lus "tseem ceeb," vim peb kawm txog lawv nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm. Muaj txog 118 cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub sij hawm, thiab lawv tau teem raws li lawv atomic tooj. Lub ntsiab yog ib hom tshuaj, uas sawv cev tsuas yog ib hom atoms. Yog li ntawd, lawv yog cov dawb huv. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov atoms ntawm tib lub caij muaj tib tus naj npawb ntawm protons hauv lawv cov atomic nuclei. Tab sis, tus naj npawb ntawm neutrons tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm ib leeg. Piv txwv li, qhov tsawg tshaj plaws yog hydrogen. Nyiaj, kub, platinum yog qee yam khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo.
Txhua lub ntsiab lus muaj atomic mass, atomic naj npawb, cim, hluav taws xob teeb tsa, thiab lwm yam. Txawm hais tias feem ntau ntawm cov ntsiab lus tau tshwm sim, muaj qee yam khoom siv xws li Californium, Americium, Einsteinium, thiab Mendelevium. Peb tuaj yeem faib tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ua peb pawg; Raws li cov hlau, metalloids, thiab nonmetals.
Daim duab 02: Endoskeleton
Ntxiv mus, peb tuaj yeem faib lawv ua pawg thiab lub sijhawm raws li cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntsiab lus hauv tib pab pawg lossis lub sijhawm muaj qee cov yam ntxwv zoo sib xws, thiab qee qhov khoom yuav hloov pauv raws sijhawm thaum koj mus dhau ib pab pawg lossis lub sijhawm. Ntxiv mus, cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem hloov pauv tshuaj lom neeg los tsim ntau yam sib txuas; Txawm li cas los xij, peb tsis tuaj yeem rhuav tshem cov ntsiab lus ntxiv los ntawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj yooj yim.
Qhov txawv ntawm Isotopes thiab Elements yog dab tsi?
Lub sij hawm tshuaj lom neeg piav qhia txog hom atoms thaum lub sij hawm isotopes piav qhia ntau hom ntawm tib cov tshuaj lom neeg. Yog li ntawd, qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm isotopes thiab cov ntsiab lus yog tias isotopes yog cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv ntawm tib cov tshuaj lom neeg thaum lub ntsiab lus yog hom ntawm atoms uas muaj tib tus naj npawb ntawm protons hauv atomic nuclei. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib qho sib txawv ntawm cov isotopes thiab cov ntsiab lus yog tias cov isotopes muaj cov lej sib txawv ntawm cov neutrons, tab sis cov khoom siv tshuaj muaj peev xwm muaj tib tus lej ntawm cov neutrons lossis ntau tus lej ntawm neutrons; tab sis lawv yeej tsis muaj tus lej ntawm cov protons.
Raws li lwm qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm isotopes thiab cov ntsiab lus, peb tuaj yeem hais tias atomic mass ntawm isotope tuaj yeem suav los ntawm tsuas yog ntxiv tag nrho cov protons thiab cov neutrons hauv atomic nuclei whereas peb tuaj yeem xam cov atomic loj ntawm ib Cov khoom siv tshuaj siv cov atomic masses ntawm nws cov isotopes thiab lawv cov txheeb ze abundance.
Summary – Isotopes vs Elements
Isotopes yog cov qauv atomic sib txawv ntawm tib yam tshuaj lom neeg. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm isotopes thiab cov ntsiab lus yog tias cov isotopes yog cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv ntawm tib cov tshuaj lom neeg thaum lub ntsiab yog hom ntawm atoms muaj tib tus naj npawb ntawm protons hauv atomic nuclei.
