Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm lepton thiab quarks yog tias lepton tuaj yeem muaj nyob ua ib tus neeg nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej thaum quarks tsis tuaj yeem.
Txog xyoo pua 20th, tib neeg ntseeg tias atoms yog qhov sib txawv, tab sis xyoo pua 20th physicists pom tias lub atom tuaj yeem tawg mus rau hauv me me, thiab tag nrho cov atoms yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom sib txawv. Yog li ntawd, peb hu lawv subatomic hais: uas yog, proton, neutron thiab electron. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tshawb nrhiav qhia tias cov subatomic hais kuj muaj cov qauv sab hauv, thiab ua los ntawm cov khoom me me. Yog li, cov khoom no yog lub npe hu ua elementary particles, thiab Lepton thiab Quarks yog lawv ob pawg loj.
Lepton yog dab tsi?
Cov khoom uas peb hu ua electrons, muons (µ), tau (Ƭ) thiab lawv cov neutrinos raug hu ua tsev neeg ntawm lepton. Tsis tas li ntawd, electron, muon, thiab tau muaj tus nqi ntawm -1, thiab lawv txawv ntawm ib leeg los ntawm qhov loj. Qhov ntawd yog; lub muon yog peb zaug ntau dua li cov electron, thiab tau yog 3500 npaug loj dua cov electron. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv cov neutrinos sib raug zoo yog nruab nrab thiab tsis loj heev. Cov lus hauv qab no qhia txog txhua qhov particle thiab yuav nrhiav tau qhov twg.
| 1st tiam | 2nd tiam | 3rd tiam |
| Electron (e) | Muon (µ) | Tau (Ƭ) |
|
– Hauv atoms – Tsim tawm hauv beta radioactivity |
– Cov lej loj tsim nyob rau hauv qhov chaw sab saud los ntawm cosmic hluav taws xob | – Pom tsuas yog hauv chav kuaj |
| Electron neutrino (νe) | Muon neutrino (νµ) | Tau neutrino (νƬ) |
|
– Beta radioactivity – Nuclear reactors – Hauv kev tawm tsam nuclear hauv cov hnub qub |
– Tsim tawm hauv nuclear reactors – Upper atmospheric cosmic radiation |
– Tsuas yog tsim tawm hauv chav kuaj |
Dhau li ntawd, kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov khoom hnyav no ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau lawv cov huab hwm coj. Yog li ntawd, cov khoom loj heev muaj ib nrab lub neej luv dua li cov uas loj dua. Cov electron yog lub teeb tshaj particle; Yog vim li cas lub qab ntuj khwb muaj ntau nrog electrons, thiab lwm yam hais yog tsawg. Txhawm rau tsim muons thiab tau hais, peb xav tau lub zog siab. Nyob rau niaj hnub nim no, peb tuaj yeem pom lawv tsuas yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas muaj lub zog ntom ntom. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom no hauv particle accelerators. Tsis tas li ntawd, lepton cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam electromagnetic thiab tsis muaj zog nuclear. Rau txhua tus lepton particle, muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv peb lub npe ua antilepton. Thiab, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv lepton muaj qhov sib xws thiab cov nqi sib txawv. Piv txwv li, anti-particle ntawm cov electrons yog positrons.
Quarks yog dab tsi?
Quark yog lwm pawg loj ntawm cov khoom hauv theem pib. Peb tuaj yeem sau cov khoom ntawm cov khoom hauv tsev neeg quark raws li hauv qab no. (Qhov loj ntawm txhua qhov yog qis dua lub npe nws tus kheej. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseeb ntawm cov lej no yog qhov sib cav heev).
| Nyiaj | 1st tiam | 2nd tiam | 3rd tiam |
| +2/3 |
Up 0.33 |
Nyob zoo ib tsoom phooj ywg 1.58 |
Top 180 |
| -1/2 | 0.33 |
Nyob zoo ib tsoom phooj ywg 0.47 |
4.58 |
Quarks cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam nuclear muaj zog los tsim kev sib txuas ntawm quarks. Cov kev sib txuas no hu ua Hadrons. Qhov tseeb, cais quarks tsis muaj nyob hauv peb lub ntiaj teb tam sim no. Ntxiv mus, nws yog tsim nyog hais tias tag nrho cov quarks nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no yog nyob rau hauv ib co hom ntawm hadrons. (Feem ntau thiab paub hom hadrons yog protons thiab neutrons).
Daim duab 01: Tus Qauv Qauv ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob
Tsis tas li ntawd, quarks muaj cov cuab yeej sab hauv hu ua tus lej baryon. Tag nrho cov quarks muaj tus lej baryon ntawm 1/3, thiab cov quarks muaj cov lej baryon -1/3. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas muaj cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, cov cuab yeej no hu ua tus lej baryon tau txuag.
Ntxiv mus, quarks muaj lwm yam khoom hu ua qhov tsw. Tus lej raug muab los qhia txog qhov tsw ntawm cov khoom hu ua tus naj npawb tsw. Cov flavors yog hu ua Upness (U), Downness (D), Strangeness (S) thiab hais txog. Qhov nce quark muaj qhov nce ntawm +1 thaum 0 qhov txawv txav thiab qis qis.
Qhov txawv ntawm Lepton thiab Quarks yog dab tsi?
Electrons, muons (µ), tau (Ƭ) thiab lawv cov neutrinos sib raug zoo yog lub npe hu ua tsev neeg ntawm leptons thaum quarks yog ib yam ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov teeb meem. Thaum sib piv ob qho tib si, qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm lepton thiab quarks yog tias lepton tuaj yeem tshwm sim raws li ib tus neeg nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej thaum quarks tsis tuaj yeem.
Ntxiv mus, lepton muaj cov nqi sib npaug thaum quarks muaj cov nqi qis. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj qhov sib txawv ntxiv ntawm lepton thiab quarks thaum xav txog lub zog cov khoom no tuaj yeem raug. Qhov ntawd yog; cov leptons raug rau lub zog tsis muaj zog, lub zog gravitational thiab electromagnetic quab yuam thaum quarks raug rau lub zog muaj zog, tsis muaj zog quab yuam, lub zog gravitational thiab electromagnetic force.
Summary – Lepton vs Quarks
Hauv luv luv, quarks thiab lepton yog ob pawg ntawm cov ntsiab lus theem pib. Thaum noj ua ke, lawv hu ua fermions. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm lepton thiab quarks yog tias lepton tuaj yeem muaj nyob ua ib tus neeg nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej thaum quarks tsis tuaj yeem.
