Qhov Tseem Ceeb Qhov Sib Txawv - Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Tiv Thaiv vs Kev Tshuaj Ntsuam Xyuas
Cov nyhuv tiv thaiv yog qhov txo qis ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob zoo ntawm cov huab cua hluav taws xob, vim qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kev nyiam ntawm cov hluav taws xob hauv cov nucleus. Hauv lwm lo lus, nws yog qhov txo qis ntawm kev nyiam ntawm cov atomic nucleus thiab cov hluav taws xob sab nraud vim muaj lub plhaub sab hauv hluav taws xob. Cov ntsiab lus tiv thaiv cov nyhuv thiab kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas txhais tau tias tib yam. Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv thiab kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas.
Shielding Effect yog dab tsi?
Shielding effect yog qhov txo qis ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob zoo ntawm cov huab cua hluav taws xob, vim qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hluav taws xob thiab cov nucleus. Lo lus no piav qhia txog kev sib zog ntawm cov hluav taws xob thiab cov nucleus ntawm ib lub atom uas muaj ntau tshaj ib qho hluav taws xob. Nws tseem hu ua atomic shielding.
Cov nyhuv shielding muab txo qhov kev nyiam ntawm cov atomic nucleus thiab sab nrauv electrons hauv ib lub atom uas muaj ntau cov electrons. Tus nqi hluav taws xob muaj txiaj ntsig zoo yog qhov txiaj ntsig zoo uas tau ntsib los ntawm cov hluav taws xob nyob rau sab nraud ntawm lub plhaub hluav taws xob ntawm lub atom (valence electrons). Thaum muaj ntau lub plhaub sab hauv hluav taws xob tam sim no, lub atomic nucleus tsis tshua nyiam los ntawm atomic nucleus. Qhov no yog vim lub atomic nucleus yog shielded los ntawm cov electrons. Ntau dua tus naj npawb ntawm cov electrons sab hauv, ntau dua cov nyhuv thaiv. Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm kev nce cov nyhuv shielding yog raws li nram no.
S orbital>p orbital>d orbital>f orbital
Muaj ib ntus ntawm kev tiv thaiv cov nyhuv. Ib lub atom hydrogen yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws atom uas muaj ib tug electron. Tsis muaj hluav taws xob thaiv hluav taws xob, yog li cov nqi hluav taws xob zoo ntawm cov hluav taws xob no tsis txo qis. Yog li ntawd, tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv. Tab sis thaum tsiv hla ib lub sij hawm (los ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis) nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub sij hawm, tus naj npawb ntawm electrons tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub atom nce. Tom qab ntawd cov nyhuv thaiv kuj nce ntxiv.
Lub zog ionization ntawm atoms yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov nyhuv thaiv. Ionization zog yog lub zog uas yuav tsum tau tshem tawm cov hluav taws xob sab nraud ntawm lub atom lossis ion. Yog hais tias cov nyhuv shielding yog siab, ces lub sab nraud electron ntawm lub atom yog tsawg attracted rau lub atomic nucleus, nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, lub sab nraud electrons yog yooj yim tshem tawm. Li no, ntau dua cov nyhuv shielding, tsawg zog ionization.
Daim duab 01: Qhov Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Tiv Thaiv ntawm Electron
Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qee qhov kev zam ntawm ionization zog qhov tseem ceeb thaum tsiv hla ib lub sijhawm ntawm lub sijhawm. Piv txwv li, lub zog ionization ntawm Mg (Magnesium) siab dua li ntawm Al (Aluminium). Tab sis tus naj npawb ntawm electrons hauv Al yog siab dua li ntawm Mg. Qhov no tshwm sim vim hais tias lub Al atom muaj lub sab nraud electron nyob rau hauv ib tug 3p orbital thiab lub electron no yog unpaired. Cov electron no tiv thaiv los ntawm ob 3s electrons. Nyob rau hauv Mg lub sab nraud electrons yog ob 3s electrons uas yog khub nyob rau hauv tib lub orbital. Yog li ntawd, cov nqi hluav taws xob muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm valence electron ntawm Al yog tsawg dua li ntawm Mg. Yog li ntawd nws yog ib qho yooj yim kom tshem tawm ntawm Al atom, ua rau lub zog ionization tsawg dua piv rau Mg.
Kev Tshuaj Ntsuam Xyuas yog dab tsi?
Cov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas kuj tseem hu ua cov nyhuv thaiv. Nws yog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev txo qis ntawm kev nyiam ntawm cov atomic nucleus thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sab nraud vim muaj lub plhaub sab hauv hluav taws xob. Qhov ntawd tshwm sim vim lub plhaub sab hauv electrons tiv thaiv lub atomic nucleus.
Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm kev tiv thaiv thiab kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas
Shielding effect yog qhov txo qis ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob zoo ntawm cov huab cua hluav taws xob, vim qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hluav taws xob thiab cov nucleus. Cov nyhuv shielding tseem hu ua Kev Ntsuas Cov nyhuv. Yog li ntawd, tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm ob nqe lus no. Lawv feem ntau txhais tib yam
Summary
Cov nyhuv tiv thaiv lossis kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas yog qhov txo qis ntawm kev nyiam ntawm cov atomic nucleus thiab cov hluav taws xob sab nraud vim muaj lub plhaub sab hauv hluav taws xob. Cov nyhuv shielding ua rau txo cov nqi hluav taws xob zoo ntawm cov hluav taws xob. Lub valence electrons raug cuam tshuam los ntawm cov nyhuv no. Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv thiab kev saib xyuas zoo.
